1、专八阅读理解模拟试题（6）Joy and sadness are experienced by people in all cultures around the world, but how can we tell when other people are happy or despondent? It turns out that the expression of many emotions may be universal. Smiling is apparently a universal sign of friendliness and approval. Baring the
2、teeth in a hostile way, asnoted by Charles Darwin in the nineteenth century, may be a universe sign of anger. As the originator of the theory of evolution, Darwin believed that the universal recognition of facial expressions would have survival value. For example, facial expressions could signal the
3、 approach of enemies (or friends) in the absence of language.Most investigators concur that certain facial expressions suggest the same emotions in a people. Moreover, people in diverse cultures recognize the emotions manifested by the facial expressions. In classic research Paul Ekman took photogra
4、phs of people exhibiting the emotions of anger, disgust, fear, happiness, and sadness. He then asked people around the world to indicate what emotions were being depicted in them. Those queried ranged from European college students to members of the Fore, a tribe that dwells in the New Guinea highla
5、nds. All groups including the Fore, who had almost no contact with Western culture, agreed on the portrayed emotions. The Fore also displayed familiar facial expressions when asked how they would respond if they were the characters in stories that called for basic emotional responses. Ekman and his
6、colleagues morerecently obtained similar results in a study of ten cultures in which participants were permitted to report that multiple emotions were shown by facial expressions. The participants generally agreed on which two emotions were being shown and which emotion was more intense.Psychologica
7、l researchers generally recognize that facial expressions reflect emotional states. Infact, various emotional states give rise to certain patterns of electrical activity in the facial muscles and in the brain. The facial-feedback hypothesis argues, however, that the causal relationship between emoti
8、ons and facial expressions can also work in the opposite direction. According to this hypothesis, signals from the facial muscles (“feedback“) are sent back to emotion centers of the brain, and so a persons facial expression can influence that persons emotional state.ConsiderDarwins words: “The free
9、 expression by outward signs of an emotion intensifies it. On the otherhand, the repression, as far as possible, of all outward signs softens our emotions.“ Can smiling giverise to feelings of good will, for example, and frowning to anger?Psychological research has given rise to some interesting fin
10、dings concerning the facial-feedback hypothesis. Causing participants in experiments to smile, for example, leads them to report morepositive feelings and to rate cartoons (humorous drawings of people or situations) as being morehumorous. When they are caused to frown, they rate cartoons as being mo
11、re aggressive.What are the possible links between facial expressions and emotion? One link is arousal, which is the level of activity or preparedness for activity in an organism. Intense contraction of facial muscles,such as those used in signifying fear, heightens arousal. Self-perception of height
12、ened arousal then leads to heightened emotional activity. Other links may involve changes in brain temperature and the release of neurotransmitters (substances that transmit nerve impulses.) The contraction of facial muscles both influences the internal emotional state and reflects it. Ekman has fou
13、nd that theso-called Duchenne smile, which is characterized by “crows feet“ wrinkles around the eyes and asubtle drop in the eye cover fold so that the skin above the eye moves down slightly toward theeyeball, can lead to pleasant feelings.Ekmans observation may be relevant to the British expression
14、 “keep a stiff upper lip“ as are commendation for handling stress. It might be that a “stiff“ lip suppresses emotional response-as long as the lip is not quivering with fear or tension. But when the emotion that leads to stiffening the lip is more intense, and involves strong muscle tension, facial
15、feedback may heighten emotional response.1. The word despondent in the passage is closest in meaning toA curiousB unhappyC thoughtfulD uncertain2. The author mentions “Baring the teeth in a hostile way“ in order toA differentiate one possible meaning of a particular facial expression from other mean
16、ings of itB upport Darwins theory of evolutionC provide an example of a facial expression whose meaning is widely understoodD contrast a facial expression that is easily understood with other facial expressions3. The word concur in the passage is closest in meaning toA estimateB agreeC expectD under
17、stand4. According to paragraph 2, which of the following was true of the Fore people ofNew Guinea?A They did not want to be shown photographs.B They were famous for their story-telling skills.C They knew very little about Western culture.D They did not encourage the expression of emotions.5. Accordi
18、ng to the passage, what did Darwin believe would happen to human emotions that werenot expressed?A They would become less intense.B They would last longer than usual.C They would cause problems later.D They would become more negative.参考答案（反白可见）：B C B C AB C B C A 专八阅读理解模拟试题（5）Students of United Stat
19、es history, seeking to identify the circumstances that encouraged the emergence of feminist movements, have thoroughly investigated the mid-nineteenth-century American economic and social conditions that affected the status of women. These historians, however, have analyzed less fully the developmen
20、t of specifically feminist ideas and activities during the same period. Furthermore, the ideological origins of feminism in the United States have been obscured because, even when historians did take into account those feminist ideas and activities occurring within the United States, they failed to
21、recognize that feminism was then a truly international movement actually centered in Europe. American feminist activists who have been described as “solitary“ and “individual theorists“ were in reality connected to a movement -utopian socialism-which was already popularizing feminist ideas in Europe
22、 during the two decades that culminated inthe first womens rights conference held at Seneca Falls. New York, in 1848. Thus, a complete understanding of the origins and development of nineteenth-century feminism in the United Statesrequires that the geographical focus be widened to include Europe and
23、 that the detailed study already made of social conditions be expanded to include the ideological development of feminism.The earliest and most popular of the utopian socialists were the Saint-Simonians. The specifically feminist part of Saint-Simonianism has, however, been less studied than the gro
24、ups contribution toearly socialism. This is regrettable on two counts. By 1832 feminism was the central concern ofSaint-Simonianism and entirely absorbed its adherents energy; hence, by ignoring its feminism. European historians have misunderstood Saint-Simonianism. Moreover, since many feminist ide
25、ascan be traced to Saint-Simonianism, European historians appreciation of later feminism in Franceand the United States remained limited.Saint-Simons followers, many of whom were women, based their feminism on an interpretation ofhis project to reorganize the globe by replacing brute force with the
26、rule of spiritual powers. Thenew world order would be ruled together by a male, to represent reflection, and a female, to represent sentiment. This complementarity reflects the fact that, while the Saint-Simonians did not reject the belief that there were innate differences between men and women, th
27、ey nevertheless foresaw an equally important social and political role for both sexes in their Utopia.Only a few Saint-Simonians opposed a definition of sexual equality based on gender distinction. This minority believed that individuals of both sexes were born similar in capacity and character, and
28、 they ascribed male-female differences to socialization and education. The envisioned result of both currents of thought, however, was that women would enter public life in the new age and that sexual equality would reward men as well as women with an improved way of life.1.It can be inferred that t
29、he author considers those historians who describe early feminists in the United States as “solitary“ to beA insufficiently familiar with the international origins of nineteenth-century American feminist thoughtB overly concerned with the regional diversity of feminist ideas in the period before 1848
30、C not focused narrowly enough in their geo-graphical scopeD insufficiently aware of the ideological consequences of the Seneca Falls conference2.According to the passage, which of the following is true of the Seneca Falls conference on womens rights?A It was primarily a product of nineteenth-century
31、 Saint-Simonian feminist thought.B It was the work of American activists who were independent of feminists abroad.C It was the culminating achievement of the Utopian socialist movement.D It was a manifestation of an international movement for social change and feminism3.The authors attitude toward m
32、ost European historians who have studied the Saint-Simonians is primarily one ofA approval of the specific focus of their researchB disapproval of their lack of attention to the issue that absorbed most of the Saint-Simoniansenergy after 1832C approval of their general focus on social conditionsD di
33、sapproval of their lack of attention to links between the Saint-Simonians and their American counterparts4. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that study of Saint-Simonianism is necessary for historians of American feminism because such studyA would clarify the ideological
34、origins of those feminist ideas that influenced American feminismB would increase understanding of a movement that deeply influenced the Utopian socialism ofearly American feministsC would focus attention on the most important aspect of Saint-Simonian thought before 1832D promises to offer insight i
35、nto a movement that was a direct outgrowth of the Seneca Falls conference of 18485. According to the passage, which of the following would be the most accurate description of the society envisioned by most Saint-Simonians?A A society in which women were highly regarded for their extensive educationB
36、 A society in which the two genders played complementary roles and had equal statusC A society in which women did not enter public lifeD A social order in which a body of men and women would rule together on the basis of their spiritual power参考答案A D B A B专八阅读理解模拟试题（4）Stratford-on-Avon, as we all kno
37、w, has only one industry-William Shakespeare-but there are two distinctly separate and increasingly hostile branches. There is the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC), which presents superb productions of the plays at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre on the Avon. And there are the townsfolk who largely
38、live off the tourists who come, not to see the plays, but to look at Anne Hathaways Cottage, Shakespeares birthplace and the other sights.The worthy residents of Stratford doubt that the theatre adds a penny to their revenue. They frankly dislike the RSCs actors, them with their long hair and beards
39、 and sandals and noisiness. Its all deliciously ironic when you consider that Shakespeare, who earns their living, was himself anactor (with a beard) and did his share of noise - making.The tourist streams are not entirely separate. The sightseers who come by bus- and often take in Warwick Castle an
40、d Blenheim Palace on the side dont usually see the plays, and some of them are even surprised to find a theatre in Stratford. However, the playgoers do manage a little sight -seeing along with their play going. It is the playgoers, the RSC contends, who bring in much of the towns revenue because the
41、y spend the night (some of them four or five nights) pouring cash into the hotels and restaurants. The sightseers can take in everything and get out of town by nightfall.The townsfolk dont see it this way and local council does not contribute directly to the subsidy ofthe Royal Shakespeare Company.
42、Stratford cries poor traditionally. Nevertheless every hotel in town seems to be adding a new wing or cocktail lounge. Hilton is building its own hotel there, which you may be sure will be decorated with Hamlet Hamburger Bars, the Lear Lounge, the Banquo Banqueting Room, and so forth, and will be ve
43、ry expensive.Anyway, the townsfolk cant understand why the Royal Shakespeare Company needs a subsidy. (The theatre has broken attendance records for three years in a row. Last year its 1,431 seats were 94 per cent occupied all year long and this year theyll do better.) The reason, of course, is that
44、 costs have rocketed and ticket prices have stayed low.It would be a shame to raise prices too much because it would drive away the young people who are Stratfords most attractive clientele. They come entirely for the plays, not the sights. They all seem to look alike (though they come from all over
45、) lean, pointed, dedicated faces, wearing jeansand sandals, eating their buns and bedding down for the night on the flagstones outside thetheatre to buy the 20 seats and 80 standing-room tickets held for the sleepers and sold to them when the box office opens at 10:30 a.m.1. From the first two parag
46、raphs , we learn thatA. the townsfolk deny the RSC s contribution to the towns revenueB. the actors of the RSC imitate Shakespeare on and off stageC. the two branches of the RSC are not on good termsD. the townsfolk earn little from tourism2. It can be inferred from Paragraph 3 thatA. the sightseers
47、 cannot visit the Castle and the Palace separatelyB. the playgoers spend more money than the sightseersC. the sightseers do more shopping than the playgoersD. the playgoers go to no other places in town than the theater3. By saying “Stratford cries poor traditionally” (Line 2-3, Paragraph 4), the au
48、thor implies thatA. Stratford cannot afford the expansion projectsB. Stratford has long been in financial difficultiesC. the town is not really short of moneyD. the townsfolk used to be poorly paid4. According to the townsfolk, the RSC deserves no subsidy becauseA. ticket prices can be raised to cov
49、er the spendingB. the company is financially ill-managedC. the behavior of the actors is not socially acceptableD. the theatre attendance is on the rise5. From the text we can conclude that the authorA. is supportive of both sidesB. favors the townsfolks viewC. takes a detached attitudeD. is sympathetic to the RSC.参考答案A B C D D专八阅读理解模拟试题（3）He was an old man with a white beard and huge nose and hands. Long before the time during which we will know him, he was a doctor and drove a jaded white horse from house to house through the streets of Winesburg. Later he mar
