1、2011 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试(英语二)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections：Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered black and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)The Internet affords anonymity to its users, a blessing to privacy and freedom of speech. But that very anonymity
2、is also behind the explosion of cyber-crime that has 1 across the Web.Can privacy be preserved 2 bringing safety and security to a world that seems increasingly 3 ?Last month, Howard Schmidt, the nations cyber-czar, offered the federal government a 4 to make the Web a safer place-a “voluntary truste
3、d identity” system that would be the high-tech 5 of a physical key, a fingerprint and a photo ID card, all rolled 6 one. The system might use a smart identity card, or a digital credential 7 to a specific computer .and would authenticate users at a range of online services.The idea is to 8 a federat
4、ion of private online identity systems. User could 9 which system to join, and only registered users whose identities have been authenticated could navigate those systems. The approach contrasts with one that would require an Internet drivers license 10 by the government.Google and Microsoft are amo
5、ng companies that already have these “single sign-on” systems that make it possible for users to 11 just once but use many different services.12 .the approach would create a “walled garden” n cyberspace, with safe “neighborhoods” and bright “streetlights” to establish a sense of a 13 community.Mr. S
6、chmidt described it as a “voluntary ecosystem” in which “individuals and organizations can complete online transactions with 14 ,trusting the identities of each other and the identities of the infrastructure 15 which the transaction runs”.Still, the administrations plan has 16 privacy rights activis
7、ts. Some applaud the approach; others are concerned. It seems clear that such a scheme is an initiative push toward what would 17 be a compulsory Internet “drives license” mentality.The plan has also been greeted with 18 by some computer security experts, who worry that the “voluntary ecosystem” env
8、isioned by Mr. Schmidt would still leave much of the Internet 19 .They argue that all Internet users should be 20 to register and identify themselves, in the same way that drivers must be licensed to drive on public roads.1. A. swept B. skipped C. walked D. ridden 2. A. for B. within C. while D. tho
9、ugh 3. A. careless B. lawless C. pointless D. helpless 4. A. reason B. reminder C. compromise D. proposal 5. A. information B. interference C. entertainment D. equivalent 6. A. by B. into C. from D. over 7. A. linked B. directed C. chained D. compared 8. A. dismiss B. discover C. create D. improve 9
10、. A. recall B. suggest C. select D. realize 10. A. released B. issued C. distributed D. delivered 11. A. carry on B .linger on C. set in D. log in 12. A. In vain B. In effect C. In return D. In contrast 13. A. trusted B. modernized c. thriving D. competing 14. A. caution B. delight C. confidence D.
11、patience 15. A. on B. after C. beyond D. across 16. A. divided B. disappointed C. protected D. united 17. A. frequently B. incidentally C. occasionally D. eventually 18. A. skepticism B. relevance C. indifference D. enthusiasm 19. A. manageable B. defendable C. vulnerable D. invisible 20. A. invited
12、 B. appointed C. allowed D. forced Section II Reading ComprehensionPart A Directions:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40points)Text 1Ruth Simmons joined Goldman Sachss board as an outside director in J
13、anuary 2000: a year later she became president of Brown University. For the rest of the decade she apparently managed both roles without attracting much eroticism. But by the end of 2009 Ms. Simmons was under fire for having sat on Goldmans compensation committee; how could she have let those enormo
14、us bonus payouts pass unremarked? By February the next year Ms. Simmons had left the board. The position was just taking up too much time, she said.Outside directors are supposed to serve as helpful, yet less biased, advisers on a firms board. Having made their wealth and their reputations elsewhere
15、, they presumably have enough independence to disagree with the chief executives proposals. If the sky, and the share price is falling, outside directors should be able to give advice based on having weathered their own crises. The researchers from Ohio University used a database hat covered more th
16、an 10,000 firms and more than 64,000 different directors between 1989 and 2004. Then they simply checked which directors stayed from one proxy statement to the next. The most likely reason for departing a board was age, so the researchers concentrated on those “surprise” disappearances by directors
17、under the age of 70. They fount that after a surprise departure, the probability that the company will subsequently have to restate earnings increased by nearly 20%. The likelihood of being named in a federal class-action lawsuit also increases, and the stock is likely to perform worse. The effect t
18、ended to be larger for larger firms. Although a correlation between them leaving and subsequent bad performance at the firm is suggestive, it does not mean that such directors are always jumping off a sinking ship. Often they “trade up.” Leaving riskier, smaller firms for larger and more stable firm
19、s.But the researchers believe that outside directors have an easier time of avoiding a blow to their reputations if they leave a firm before bad news breaks, even if a review of history shows they were on the board at the time any wrongdoing occurred. Firms who want to keep their outside directors t
20、hrough tough times may have to create incentives. Otherwise outside directors will follow the example of Ms. Simmons, once again very popular on campus.21. According to Paragraph 1, Ms. Simmons was criticized for . Againing excessive profitsBfailing to fulfill her dutyCrefusing to make compromisesDl
21、eaving the board in tough times22. We learn from Paragraph 2 that outside directors are supposed to be .Agenerous investorsBunbiased executivesCshare price forecastersDindependent advisers23. According to the researchers from Ohio University after an outside directors surprise departure, the firm is
22、 likely to .Abecome more stableBreport increased earningsCdo less well in the stock marketDperform worse in lawsuits24. It can be inferred from the last paragraph that outside directors .Amay stay for the attractive offers from the firmBhave often had records of wrongdoings in the firmCare accustome
23、d to stress-free work in the firmDwill decline incentives from the firm25. The authors attitude toward the role of outside directors is .ApermissiveBpositiveCscornfulDcritical Text 2Whatever happened to the death of newspaper? A year ago the end seemed near. The recession threatened to remove the ad
24、vertising and readers that had not already fled to the internet. Newspapers like the San Francisco Chronicle were chronicling their own doom. Americas Federal Trade commission launched a round of talks about how to save newspapers. Should they become charitable corporations? Should the state subsidi
25、ze them ? It will hold another meeting soon. But the discussions now seem out of date. In much of the world there is the sign of crisis. German and Brazilian papers have shrugged off the recession. Even American newspapers, which inhabit the most troubled come of the global industry, have not only s
26、urvived but often returned to profit. Not the 20% profit margins that were routine a few years ago, but profit all the same.It has not been much fun. Many papers stayed afloat by pushing journalists overboard. The American Society of News Editors reckons that 13,500 newsroom jobs have gone since 200
27、7. Readers are paying more for slimmer products. Some papers even had the nerve to refuse delivery to distant suburbs. Yet these desperate measures have proved the right ones and, sadly for many journalists, they can be pushed further. Newspapers are becoming more balanced businesses, with a healthi
28、er mix of revenues from readers and advertisers. American papers have long been highly unusual in their reliance on ads. Fully 87% of their revenues came from advertising in 2008, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation in the inner core alone, Germany fears, a small majority favour F
29、rench interference.A “southern” camp headed by French wants something different:”European economic government” within an inner core of euro-zone members. Translated, that means politicians intervening in monetary policy and a system of redistribution from richer to poorer members, via cheaper borrow
30、ing for governments through common Eurobonds or complete fiscal transfers. Finally, figures close to the France government have murmured, euro-zone members should agree to some fiscal and social harmonization: e.g., curbing competition in corporate-tax rates or labour costs.It is too soon to write o
31、ff the EU. It remains the worlds largest trading block. At its best, the European project is remarkably liberal: built around a single market of 27 rich and poor countries, its internal borders are far more open to goods, capital and labour than any comparable trading area. It is an ambitious attemp
32、t to blunt the sharpest edges of globalization, and make capitalism benign.36. The EU is faced with so many problems that .A it has more or less lost faith in markets B even its supporters begin to feel concerned C some of its member countries plan to abandon euroD it intends to deny the possibility
33、 of devaluation37. The debate over the EUs single currency is stuck because the dominant powers .A are competing for the leading position B are busy handling their own crisesC fail to reach an agreement on harmonization D disagree on the steps towards disintegration38. To solve the euro problem, Ger
34、many proposed that .A EU funds for poor regions be increasedB stricter regulations be imposedC only core members be involved in economic co-ordination D voting rights of the EU members be guaranteed39. The French proposal of handling the crisis implies that _ _.A poor countries are more likely to ge
35、t fundsB strict monetary policy will be applied to poor countriesC loans will be readily available to rich countriesD rich countries will basically control Eurobonds40. Regarding the future of the EU, the author seems to feel _ _.A pessimisticB desperateC conceitedD hopeful Part BDirections:You are
36、going to read a list of headings and a text about what parents are supposed to do to guide their children into adulthood. Choose a heading from the list A-G that best fits the meaning of each numbered part of the text（41-45 ）. There are two extra headings that you do not need to use. Mark your answe
37、rs on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points ）Leading doctors today weigh in on the debate over the governments role in promoting public health by demanding that ministers impose “fat taxes“ on unhealthy food and introduce cigarette-style warnings to children about the dangers of a poor diet. The demands follow
38、 comments last week by the health secretary, Andrew Lansley, who insisted the government could not force people to make healthy choices and promised to free businesses from public health regulations. But senior medical figures want to stop fast-food outlets opening near schools, restrict advertising
39、 of products high in fat, salt or sugar, and limit sponsorship of sports events by fast-food producers such as McDonalds. They argue that government action is necessary to curb Britains addiction to unhealthy food and help halt spiraling rates of obesity, diabetes and heart disease. Professor Terenc
40、e Stephenson, president of the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health, said that the consumption of unhealthy food should be seen to be just as damaging as smoking or binge drinking. “Thirty years ago, it would have been inconceivable to have imagined a ban on smoking in the workplace or in p
41、ubs, and yet that is what we have now. Are we willing to be just as courageous in respect of obesity? I would suggest that we should be,“ said the leader of the UKs childrens doctors. Lansley has alarmed health campaigners by suggesting he wants industry rather than government to take the lead. He s
42、aid that manufacturers of crisps and confectionery could play a central role in the Change4Life campaign, the centrepiece of government efforts to boost healthy eating and fitness. He has also criticised the celebrity chef Jamie Olivers high-profile attempt to improve school lunches in England as an
43、 example of how “lecturing“ people was not the best way to change their behaviour. Stephenson suggested potential restrictions could include banning TV advertisements for foods high in fat, salt or sugar before the 9pm watershed and limiting them on billboards or in cinemas. “If we were really bold,
44、 we might even begin to think of high-calorie fast food in the same way as cigarettes by setting stringent limits on advertising, product placement and sponsorship of sports events,“ he said. Such a move could affect firms such as McDonalds, which sponsors the youth coaching scheme run by the Footba
45、ll Association. Fast-food chains should also stop offering “inducements“ such as toys, cute animals and mobile phone credit to lure young customers, Stephenson said. Professor Dinesh Bhugra, president of the Royal College of Psychiatrists, said: “If children are taught about the impact that food has
46、 on their growth, and that some things can harm, at least information is available up front.“ He also urged councils to impose “fast-food-free zones“ around schools and hospitals areas within which takeaways cannot open. A Department of Health spokesperson said: “We need to create a new vision for p
47、ublic health where all of society works together to get healthy and live longer. This includes creating a new responsibility deal with business, built on social responsibility, not state regulation. Later this year, we will publish a white paper setting out exactly how we will achieve this.“ The foo
48、d industry will be alarmed that such senior doctors back such radical moves, especially the call to use some of the tough tactics that have been deployed against smoking over the last decade.A “fat taxes” should be imposed onfast-food producers such asMcDonaldsB the government should banfast-food ou
49、tlets in the neighborhoodof schools41.Andrew Lansley held that C “lecturing” was an effective wayto improve school lunches inEngland42.Terence Stephenson agreed that D cigarette-style warnings should beintroduced to children about thedangers of a poor diet43.Jamie Oliver seemed to believethatE the producers of crisps and candiescould contribute significantly to theChange4Life campaign44.Dinesh Bhugra suggested that F parents should set good exampl
