1、语法专题十三特殊句式,1.倒装句(1)完全倒装谓语动词完全搬到主语之前的句子，便是完全倒装句。这类句型主要有两种：,1)表示方式或方位的副词或介词短语，如：here, there, now, then, under, up, down, in, away, off, out, in the room, on the wall等，置于句首。如：In a lecture hall of a university in England sits a professor.In this chapter will be found the answers to those questions.South
2、 of the river lies a small factory.Out rushed the children.Away flew the plane.,2)such置于句首时。如：Such was Albert Einstein, a simple man and the 20th centurys greatest scientist.此句型中的such多被认为是表语，所以such后的be动词应与其后的“真正的主语”保持一致。如：Such are the facts; no one can deny them.,(2)部分倒装只把谓语的一部分(多为助动词或情态动词)置于主语之前的句子
3、，叫部分倒装句。这类句型主要有三种：1)only修饰副词、介词短语或状语从句，且放在句首时。如：Only in this way can we learn English well.Only when he returned did we find out the truth.注意：only修饰主语时，句子不可倒装。如：Only he can answer the question.,2)否定副词never, nor, not, hardly, little, seldom等置于句首时。如：Never before have I seen such a moving film.I have n
4、ever seen such a moving film before.Not a single mistake did he make.He didnt make a single mistake.Hardly do I think it possible to finish the job before dark.I hardly think it possible to finish the job before dark.,3)虚拟语气中，省略if的句子，可将were, had或should放于句首，构成倒装句。如：If it should be fine tomorrow, we w
5、ould go swimming.Should it be fine tomorrow, we would go swimming.4)以下六个重要的固定句型常用倒装形式：.sobe/have/助动词/情态动词/主语，表示“也是如此”。如：They love having lots of friends; so do those with disabilities.,注意：如果句意不是“也是如此”，而仅是对前面内容的肯定或附和(此时的soindeed)，那么，句子则不可使用倒装式。例如：He said he would help us, and so he did.他说他要帮助我们，他的确这么
6、做了。A: It is hot. A：天真热。B: So it is. B：的确如此。A: He is lazy. A：他真懒。B: So is she. B：她也一样。,.neither(或nor)be/have/助动词/情态动词主语，表示“也不这样”。Lily cant ride; neither(或nor) can Lucy.soadj./adv. that.“如此，以至于”。So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.neither., nor.“不，也不”。由于neither和
7、nor都是否定词，所以其前后句均需倒装。如：Neither has he called on her, nor will he do so.,not only., but also.“不仅而且”。Not only will the help be given to people to find jobs, but also medical treatment will be provided for people who need it.not until.“直到才”。Not until he returned did we have supper.,(3)形式倒装形式上的倒装在语法上称为前置
8、。它的特点是：只把强调的内容提至句首，主谓并不倒装。这样的结构非常多，但有三个重要的句型需要特别留意：1)感叹句What an interesting talk they have!How interesting their talk was!2)the more.the more.句型The more you listen to English, the easier it becomes.The harder you work, the greater progress youll make.,注意：此句型中的第一个the more引导的相当于一个条件状语从句，第二个the more引导的
9、相当于一个主句。所以，上面例句的意思实质上就是If you work harder, you will make greater progress.3)whatever; howeveradj./adv.引导让步状语从句的句型。Go to stamp sales and buy whatever you can afford.However difficult the problem may be, we must work it out this evening.,注意：whatever的后面也可以接名词，若有many或much修饰，则必须把whatever换成however。试比较：Wha
10、tever reasons you have, you should carry out your promise.无论你有什么理由，你都应当遵守诺言。However many difficulties you meet with, you should try to overcome them.无论你遇到多少困难，你都应当设法克服。however可以改写成no matter how而意义不变。如上句便可改成：No matter how many difficulties you meet with, you should try to overcome them.,4)as引导的让步状语从句
11、中，必须把所强调的信息放在句首；though引导的让步状语从句中也可以这样倒装。,2强调句近年来NMET考查了Itbe.that(who).这一强调结构，这种强调结构用来突出强调句子的某一部分。该结构中的it叫强调it(the Emphatic it)，无词汇意义，只用于改变句子结构，使某一部分得以强调。要正确使用这一结构应注意以下十个方面的问题。(1)这种强调结构，除不能强调动词外，其它成分，如主语、宾语、宾补、状语都可以强调。例：It is the honey bee that has most interested scientists because of the language.(
12、强调主语)It was in Greece that Olympic competitions firstly started.(强调状语),(2)被强调部分指人时用that, who均可，指事物或情况时用that(被强调的是时间或地点状语不用when, where)。例：It was because of bad weather that the football match had to be put off.It was at the Olympics last year that Liu Xiang got the hurdlemedal.,(3)被强调的代词的所有格应与原句一致；被强
13、调的部分如果是原句的主语，who(that)后的谓语在人称和数上应与原句的主语一致。例：It is Zhang Ziyi that(who) stars the film Heroes.是章子怡主演的英雄这部影片。It is him that I want to kill.,(4)如果强调双宾语中的一个，不论是直接宾语还是间接宾语，根据动词的搭配关系，要加上一个介词to或for。例：Mr Green gave Mary a birthday present.It was Mary that Mr Green gave a birthday present to.It was a birthda
14、y present that Mr Green gave to Mary.,(5)如果原句是一般疑问句，强调结构用“Beit.that(who).？”形式；如果原句是特殊疑问句，则用“特殊疑问词beit.that(who).？”形式。Is it at the end of 2001 that China joined WTO?是2001年底前中国加入了世贸组织吗？When was it that the Chinese football team won?是何时中国足球队获胜的？,(6)如果原句中含有“not.until”，在强调时间状语时，将主句中的否定词not连同状语一起提前。例：It w
15、as not until she took off her dark glasses that I realized she was a famous film star.(7)强调结构中的谓语动词，除用be外，还可用might be或must have been。例：It might be tomorrow that she will come.It must have been an actor that came yesterday.,(8)强调结构不仅可独立成句，也可用在从句中。例：He told me that it is reforms that bring about a com
16、plete change in China.他告诉我是改革使中国有了翻天覆地的变化。,(9)被强调句子可能较长或有一个以上的强调成分。对此就应注意识别应用。例：It was not the fish but the vegetable, which grows only in Sichuan, that made the hot dish sour and aromatic.(Beijing Weekend)It was she who was lying in the corridor and the stranger who bent over her.是她躺在过道上，是那个陌生人俯视她。
17、(此句有两个被强调部分：一个是she，一个是the stranger。),(10)强调结构中的时态一般应一致。例：It was my two sisters who knew her best.(都用过去时)It will not be you who will have to take the blame for this.(都用将来时)对此受责难的将不是你。,3祈使句(1)祈使句一般不出现主语you，例如：Never come late.Please dont forget to take your medicine.Do come on time this evening.Do be c
18、areful！千万要小心！(2)带主语的祈使句为了加强语气或特别指明向谁提出命令或要求时，需加主语“you”，有时还可同时加呼语。例如：Tom, you water the flowers!,(3)特别注意“祈使句and/then/or陈述句”这一句型。4感叹句(1)Whata/an形容词单数可数名词主语谓语What a clever boy he is!注意：当名词为不可数名词(weather, advice, news, progress, information, fun等)时，应去掉冠词a或an。What fine weather we are having today!(2)What
19、形容词复数名词主语谓语What beautiful flowers these are!,(3)How形容词/副词主语谓语How high the mountain is!How fast he is running!(4)How形容词a/an单数可数名词主语谓语How difficult a problem it is!有时how直接修饰谓语动词： How主语谓语How we love our motherland!,5反意疑问句反意疑问句的一般应用规则是：前面陈述部分如果用肯定形式，后面的附加疑问部分则用否定形式；前面陈述部分如果是否定形式，后面的附加疑问部分则用肯定形式。但在实际运用中，
20、只知道一般的应用规则还不足以解决所有的问题，以下几种特殊情况应特别注意：,(1)当陈述部分的主语是“I dont think(suppose, believe)that从句”结构时，疑问部分的主语和谓语需和从句中的主语和谓语在人称和数上一致，并且还要用肯定形式。如：I dont think he can finish the work, can he?I dont believe she knows it, does she?但：You dont think he can finish the work, do you?,(2)当陈述部分有情态动词must时，常用的有四种情况：1)must表示
21、“必须”、“禁止”等时，疑问部分用must(mustnt)。如：I must answer the letter, mustnt I?You mustnt walk on grass, must you?2)must表示“有必要”时，附加疑问部分则用neednt。如：You must go home right now, neednt you?,3)当must用来对现在的情况进行“推测”时，疑问部分的谓语要根据must之后的动词采用相应的形式。如：You must be tired, arent you?He must be studying in the classroom, isnt he
22、?4)must可表示对过去的情况进行“推测”(musthave过去分词)，若强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语)，疑问部分的谓语动词用“过去的助动词主语”；若强调动作的完成(一般没有过去时间状语)，疑问部分的谓语动词用“havent (hasnt)主语”。如：He must have met her yesterday, didnt he?You must have seen the film, havent you?,(3)当陈述部分有have to, has to或had to时，疑问部分一般用do的相应形式。如：We have to get up at four tomorrow,
23、 dont we?They had to leave early, didnt they?(4)当陈述部分有seldom, hardly, few, little, no, never, nothing, nobody, nowhere等否定词或半否定词时，疑问部分要用肯定形式。如：She hardly knows French, does she?Few people know him, do they?Nobody can answer the question, can they?,(5)当陈述部分的谓语是带有否定词缀(前缀或后缀)的动词时，疑问部分仍用否定结构。He is unfit
24、for his office, isnt he?They disliked playing football, didnt they?(6)当陈述部分的谓语动词是表示愿望的wish等时，疑问部分的谓语动词用may，而且前后两个部分均用肯定式。如：I wish to go home now, may I?,(7)当陈述部分为祈使句时，应注意：1)如果祈使句为肯定式，疑问部分用肯定式或否定式均可。否定形式在语气上更委婉客气。如：Pass me the book, will you/wont you?Stop talking, will you?2)如果祈使句为否定式，疑问部分只能用肯定式。如：Do
25、nt speak aloud any more, will you?Dont be careless, will you?,3)祈使句若是以let开头的句子，表示“建议”(包括说话人和听话人双方)时，疑问部分用shall we；表示“请示”(不包括听话人)时，疑问部分用will you。如：Lets go home now, shall we?Let us help you, will you?,(8)陈述部分用neither.nor, not only.but also等连接主语时，疑问部分的主语应用复数。如：Neither you nor I can do it, can we?(9)陈述
26、部分是并列句时，疑问部分常对后一个句子进行反问。如：He is a teacher and he has taught English for fifteen years, hasnt he?,(10)陈述部分是复合句时，疑问部分常对主句进行反问。如：She didnt live in Hangzhou when she was young, did she?He said that Mary had joined the League, didnt he?(11)复合特殊疑问句复合的特殊疑问句，常用来询问对方或第三者的想法或意见。常由一般疑问句和特殊疑问句两种结构揉合而成。在此结构中，特殊疑
27、问句可以看作是一般疑问句结构中的宾语，因此这种特殊疑问句要用陈述语序。如：,Who do you think will win the game?你认为谁会赢这场比赛？How much did you say the pen was?你刚才说这支笔值多少钱？Whom do you think he is looking after?你认为他正在照料谁？在对别人的话作出反应时，有时出现下面这类问句(疑问代词放在后面)。如：Ill pay for it.我来付钱。You will pay what？你要干什么？,6省略句为避免重复，或为了简练，句子中常常省略某一成分，可以省主语、谓语，并列句中也可
28、省去重复的内容。高考中多考查复合句中的省略。(1)当状语从句的主语和主句的主语一致时，可以省略状语从句中的主语和系动词be，这时从句中可出现如下结构：连词(as, as if, once)名词Once (he was) a teacher, he now works in a government office.,连词(though, whether, when)形容词Work hard when (you are) young, or youll regret.连词(when, while, though)现在分词While (I was) walking along the street,
29、 I heard my name called.连词(when, if, even if, unless, once, until, than, as)过去分词连词(as if, as though)不定式He opened his lips as if (he were) to speak.,注意：当从句的主语和主句的宾语一致时，间或也有这样的省略：Her father told her to be careful when (she was) crossing the street.,(2)当从句中的主语是it，谓语动词中又含有系动词be时，可以把it和系动词be一起省略。此时构成连词(i
30、f, unless, when, whenever)形容词的结构。如：Unless (it is) necessary, youd better not refer to the dictionary.另外，我们还可以用so或not代替上文内容，此时可有ifso/not。Get up early tomorrow. If not (you dont get up early), you will miss the first bus.He may not be at home then, if so (he is not at home), leave him a note.,(3)在than
31、或as.as引导的从句中，常会有一些成分在上下文清楚的情况下被省略，如：He has made greater progress than (he did) before/ever.He came home earlier than (he was) expected.She works as hard as young people.,7替代替代是指用替代词代替上文中出现过的词语或整个句子，是避免重复，连接上下文的手段之一。通常有三种：名词性替代、动词性替代和从句性替代。(1)动词性替代用动词等表示的替代现象叫作动词性替代。主要用法如下：用do来替代实义动词，若及物，须跟宾语，如：She p
32、lays the piano better than Mary does (plays) the guitar.John swam as well as Tom did (swam) two years ago.,用do so来替代动宾结构，或动状结构，如：He smokes a lot. Does his brother do so? (do sosmoke a lot)Oceans are able to clean themselves, but certain seas are not able to do so.(clean themselves)do可以代替前面已出现过的行为动词，
33、以免重复，但它的形式应按照人称、时态的需要而变化。,(2)从句性替代so可以代替句子，和believe, think, expect, imagine, suppose, hope, hear, be afraid, fear, call, tell等词连用。not可以用来代替一个否定结构的从句或谓语，用于上述动词之后。请看下列各句：AIts all your doing. I told you so from the first.BAre you going to play football tomorrow?I hope so. (soI am going to play football
34、)CWill it rain today?I hope not.(I hope it wont rain.),(3)动词不定式to的替代动词不定式to替代承前的内容，多用在同一句或联系紧密的对话中，为了避免重复，作宾语或主补、宾补的不定式再次出现时，to后的内容常承前省略(只保留to即可)。可用于下列结构中：形容词：afraid, glad, happy, willing, able, etc.动词：like, love, expect, manage, try, hope, pretend, wish, refuse, agree, want, afford, fail, forget, r
35、emember, used to, have to, etc.带补语的动词：tell, ask, order, allow, permit, expect, wish, force, warn, forbid, persuade, etc.,请看下列各句：He doesnt visit me as much as he used to.他不像以前那样经常来看我了。Would you like to go to the film with me?Yes, Id like to.I wanted to play football after class, but mother asked me n
36、ot to.注意：若承前省略的不定式内容是be或作助动词用的have时，to后要保留be或have，如：Are you a college student?No, but I want to be.,1.(2009江西)Some of you may have finished unit one. _， you can go on to unit two.A. If you mayB. If you doC. If not D. If so2(2009浙江)It took _ building supplies to construct these energysaving houses. I
37、t took brains, too.A. other than B. more thanC. rather than D. less than,3(2009浙江)_ and short of breath, Andy and Ruby were the first to reach the top of Mount Tai.A. To be tired B. TiredC. Tiring D. Being tired4(2009江苏)Whats the matter with Della?Well, her parents wouldnt allow her to go to the par
38、ty, but she still _.A. hopes to B. hopes soC. hopes not D. hopes for,5(2009天津)The art show was _ being a failure; it was a great success.A. far from B. along withC. next to D. regardless of6(2009安徽)Im amazed to hear from my school teacher again. _， it is ten years since we met last.A. In a word B. W
39、hats moreC. Thats to say D. Believe it or not,7(2009安徽)_ a certain doubt among the people as to the practical value of the project.A. It has B. They haveC. It remains D. There remains8(2009山东)Mary and I see each other _， but not as often as we used to.A. sooner or later B. once in a whileC. in the e
40、nd D. more or less,9(2009湖南)Please do me a favor_ my friend Mr. Smith to Youth Theater at 7：30 tonight.A. to invite B. invitingC. invite D. invited10(2009湖南)Every evening after dinner, if not _ from work, I will spend some time walking my dog.A. being tired B. tiringC. tired D. to be tired,11(2009全国
41、)It is often _ that human beings are naturally equipped to speak.A. said B. to sayC. saying D. being said12(2009辽宁)Its the first time that he has been to Australia, _？A. isnt he B. hasnt heC. isnt it D. hasnt it,13(2009陕西)He must be helping the old man to water the flowers, _？A. is he B. isnt heC. m
42、ust he D. mustnt he14(2009湖南)You and I could hardly work together, _？A. could you B. couldntC. couldnt we D. could we,15(2009四川)Not until I came home last night _ to bed.A. Mum did go B. did Mum goC. went Mum D. Mum went16(2009江苏)Distinguished guests and friends, welcome to our school. _ the ceremon
43、y of the 50th Anniversary this morning are our alumni(校友) from home and abroad.A. Attend B. To attendC. Attending D. Having attended,17(2009福建)For a moment nothing happened. Then _ all shouting together.A. voices had come B. came voicesC. voices would come D. did voices come18(2009山东)So sudden _ tha
44、t the enemy had no time to escape.A. did the attack B. the attack didC. was the attack D. the attack was,19(2009重庆)Unsatisfied _ with the payment, he took the job just to get some work experience.A. though was he B. though he wasC. he was though D. was he though20(2009陕西)Little _ about her own safet
45、y, though she was in great danger herself.A. did Rose care B. Rose did careC. Rose does care D. does Rose care,21(2009全国)The computer was used in teaching. As a result, not only _， but students became more interested in the lessons.A. saved was teachers energyB. was teachers energy savedC. teachers
46、energy was savedD. was saved teachers energy22(2009龙岩毕业班质检)Anyone who wants to go rafting this weekend, raise your hands please, _？A. doesnt he B. will youC. do you D. dont they,23(2009龙岩毕业班质检)Swimming is _ as any to lose unwanted weight.A. a way as good B. as a good wayC. as a way good D. as good a
47、 way24(2009龙岩毕业班质检)_ in the root of his family that he decided to make a trip to Africa for further research.A. So interested Kunta wasB. So interested was KuntaC. How interested Kunta wasD. Kunta was such interested,25(2009江南十校测试)What a wonder! Theyve finished _ half of the project in such a short time.A. no more than B. no less thanC. not more than D. much less than26(2009泉州毕业班质检)It was from the tower that Tom shouted to me, “_ till I set off.”A. Wait B. WaitingC. To wait D. Waited,
