1、11.什么是定语从句定语从句(Attributive Clauses)在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词(关系代词或关系副词)引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有：when, where, why 等。2.关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1)who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：
2、Is he the man who/that wants to see you?他就是你想见的人吗?(who/that 在从句中作主语)He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that 在从句中作宾语)2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换), 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of
3、which) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3)which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that 在句中作宾语)The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语)2定
4、语从句定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which 等。关系副词有：when, where, why 等。一、 关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。1）who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：Is he
5、the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that 在从句中作主语）He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。 （whom/that 在从句中作宾语）2) Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同 of which 互换）, 例如：They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down. 那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose (of whic
6、h) cover is green. 请递给我那本绿皮的书。3）which, that它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。 （which / that 在句中作宾语）The package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。(which / that 在句中作宾语) 3二、
7、关系代词 that, which 的用法A. 以下情况多用 that.(1) 如果先行词是 all, much, anything, something, nothing, everything, little, none 等不定代词，关系代词一般只用 that，不用which。例如：All the people that are present burst into tears.Is there anything that I can do for you?(2) 如果先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last, the best 等词修饰，关系代
8、词常用 that(指人时，可以用 who),例如：This is the very book that I want to find.That is the best film that we have seen.I was the only person in my office that/who was invited. (3) 当先行词被 all, every, no, some, any, little, much 所修饰时；You can take any seat that is free.(4) 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰时。It is the first foreig
9、n book that I have ever seen.This is the most beautiful flower that I have seen.(5) 在 there be 句型中，常用 that.There is a man that lives in that village.(6) 先行词有两个，一个指人，一个指物，关系代词应该用 that。例如：The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.B. 以下情况用 which.(1) 当关系词前面有介词时，指物常用 which.The prize for
10、 which he worked so hard was a new bike.He built a telescope through which he could study the skies.(2) 非限制性定语从句指物时，多用 which.Bamboo is hollow, which makes it light.He wrote an article, which tells us about the computer.(3) 如果先行词本身是 that 时，只用 which.4This is that which he bought yesterday.(4) which 还有
11、一种特殊用法，它可以引导从句修饰前面的整个主句，代替主句所表示的整体概念或部分概念。在这种从句中，which 可以作主语，也可以作宾语或表语，多数情况下意思是与 and this 相似，例如：He succeeded in the competition, which made his parents very happy.三、 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why关系副词 when, where, why 的含义相当于“介词+ which“结构，因此常常和“介词+ which“结构交替使用，例如：There
12、 are occasions when (on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born. 北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (for which) he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？2）that 代替关系副词that 可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代 when, where, why 和“介词+ which“引导的定语从句，在口语中 that 常被省略，例如：His father
13、 died the year (that / when / in which) he was born. 他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。He is unlikely to find the place (that / where / in which) he lived forty years ago. 他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。I dont like the way (that/ in which) he was treated.This is the reason he was absent.四、判断关系代词与关系副词方法一：用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物
14、动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例5如：This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.Ill never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。 ）（错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the count
15、ryside.（对） This is the mountain village (which) I visited last year.（对） Ill never forget the days (which) I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when 联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。例 1. Is this museum _ you visited a few days age?A. where B. that
16、C. on which D. the one例 2. Is this the museum _ the exhibition was held.A. where B. that C. on which D. the one答案：例 1 D，例 2 A例 1 变为肯定句： This museum is _ you visited a few days ago.例 2 变为肯定句： This is the museum _ the exhibition was held. 在句 1 中，所缺部分为宾语，而 where, that, on which 都不能起到宾语的作用，只有 the one 既做
17、了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选 D。 而句 2 中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum 词组，可用介词 in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词 on 用的不对，所以选 A。关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词 (who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，6应选择关系副词 ( where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语) 。五、限制性和非限制性定语从句1) 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种
18、。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。 （限制性）The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。 （非限制性）2) 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：Charles Smith, who was my forme
19、r teacher, retired last year. 查理?史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden. 我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching. 这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。3) 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I mea
20、nt, which greatly upsets me. 他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。说明：关系代词 that 和关系副词 why 不能引导非限制性定语从句。六、介词+关系词(1) “介词关系代词“可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句。“介词关系代词“结构中的介词可以是 in, on, about, from, for, with, to at, of, without 等，关系代词只可用 whom 或 which,不可用 t
21、hat。7This is the house in which I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?(2) from where 为“介词关系副词“结构，但也可以引导定语从句。例如：We stood at the top of the hill, from where we can see the town.(3) 像 listen to, look at, depend on, pay attention to, take care of 等固定短语动词，在定语从句中一般不宜将介
22、词与动词分开。例如：This is the boy whom she has taken care of.（4） 某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词“结构可以同关系副词 when 和 where 互换。This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?Do you remember the day when you joined ou
23、r club?（2）Some, any, none 等或数词+of+which/whom 引导的定语从句。例如I have four books, two of which are interesting.Its a family of three children, all of whom I have ever taught.七、as, which 非限定性定语从句关系代词 as 也可引导非限制性定语从句，其从句的谓语常是表示感知的动词，如：know, see, hear, expect 等。从句可放在主句之前、之中、或之后。As可以指主句中的某个成分，也可以指整个主句，as 在从句中可以
24、作主语、宾语或表语。例如：1） Tom, as you know, is a writer.2） As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70% of the earth.3） Tom doesnt find his homework, as often happens.4） Charlie looks strong, as in fact he is.由 as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as 和 which 可代整个主句，相当于 and this 或 and that。As 一般放在句首，which 在句中。As we know, smok
25、ing is harmful to ones health.8The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us. 典型例题 1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, _came as a surprise.A. it B. that C. which D. he答案 C. 此为非限定性从句，不能用 that 修饰，而用 which，it 和 he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选 he 句意不通。2）The weather turned out to be ve
26、ry good, _ was more than we could expect. A. what B. which C. that D. it答案 B。which 可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而 what 不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it 不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。3）It rained hard yesterday, _ prevented me from going to the parkA. that B. which C. as D. it答案 B. as 和 which 在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整
27、个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：(1） as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而 which 不可。(2） as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用 which。在本题中，prevent 由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为 B。As 的用法例 1. the same as；suchas 中的 as 是一种固定结构, 和一样。I have got into the same trouble as he (has).例 2. as 可引导非限制性从句，常带有正如。As we know, smoking is
28、 harmful to ones health.As is know, smoking is harmful to ones health.9As 是关系代词。例 1 中的 as 作 know 的宾语；例 2 中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词 know 要用被动式。八、定语从句与名词性从句的互换定语从句和名词性从句由于表达意思的需要，有时可以互相转换。大致有下面三种情况：（）定语从句与表语从句的互换Thats the thing that were worrying about.（定语从句）Thats what were worrying about.（表语从句）那就是我们正在担心的事。This
29、 is the way she did it.（定语从句）This is how she did it.（表语从句）这就是她做这件事的方法。This is the reason why we must go now.（定语从句）This is why we must go now.（表语从句）这就是我们现在该走的理由。That is the place where Xiao Lin was born.（定语从句）That is where Xiao Lin was born.(表语从句)那就是小林出生的地方。（）定语从句与宾语从句的互换I dont know the reason why sh
30、e is so happy.（定语从句）I dont know why she is so happy.（宾语从句）我不知道她为什么这样高兴。He showed me the place where he used to live.（定语从句）He showed me where he used to live.（宾语从句）他带我看了他曾经住过的地方。Do you know the date when Wuhan was liberated?（定语从句）Do you know when Wuhan was liberated?(宾语从句)你知道武汉是什么时候解放的吗？（）定语从句与主语从句的互
31、换10The thing that we need is more time.（定语从句）What we need is more time.（主语从句）我们所需要的是更多的时间。The time when they will start out has not been decided yet.（定语从句）When they will start out has not been decided yet.（主语从句）他们什么时候动身还没有决定下来。The reason why he did it wasnt quite clear.（定语从句）Why he did it wasnt quit
32、e clear.（主语从句）他为什么做那件事还不很清楚。The place where she lives is not known yet.（定语从句）Where she lives is not known yet.（主语从句）她住在什么地方，大家还不知道。 九、学习定语从句应注意的几个问题（）定语从句中关系代词与先行词的一致性定语从句中关系代词一般应与它所指代的先行词的单复数保持主谓一致。例如：The students who were here just now are from No,2 Senior Middle School.但注意下列一组句子：He is the only on
33、e of the students who was here just now.He is one of the students who were here just now.如果“one of +复数名词“后跟有定语从句，一般情况下“one of“后的复数名词为先行词，但当 one 前有 the only,the very,just the 修饰时，先行词则为one。（）定语从句与强调结构It is the place where they lived before.It is in the place that they lived before.第一个句子为定语从句，where 指代
34、the place,在定语从句中作状语，第二11个句子为强调结构，强调 in the place,that 没有意义，把 in the place 放回后面句子，句子意思完整。Where is it that he found the lost watch?(强调句型，强调疑问副词where)。Where is the watch that he found yesterday.(定语从句，that 指代 the watch)（）定语从句与并列结构He has two sons,neither of whom looks like him.He has two sons,and neither
35、 of them looks like him.Ive got two sisters.Both of them are in Shanghai.第一个句子为定语从句，关系代词 whom 指代 two sons,在定语从句中作介词of 的宾语。第二个句子为并列结构，由并列连词 and 连接，人称代词 them 指代 two sons。第三个为两个独立的句子，两个句子中间用句号，两句开头的处一个字母都大写。（）定语从句与状语从句He found the books where he had put.He found the books in the place where he had put.
36、第一个句子为状语从句，where he had put 作主句 He found the books 的地点状语。第二个句子为定语从句，where 引导从句修饰 the place。This is such an interesting book that Id like to read it.This is such an interesting book as Id like to read.第一个句子为结果状语从句，在结果状语从句中，it 指代 book,作 read 的宾语。第二个句子为定语从句，关系代词 as 指代先行词 book 的定语从句中 read的宾语。（）定语从句中的先行词
37、Is this book the one that you bought yesterday?Is this the book that you bought yesterday?第一个句子中，this book 是主句的主语，the one 是先行词。在第二个句子中 this 是主句的主语，the book 是先行词。一定要避免出现：Is this 12book that you bought yesterday?（）定语从句与同位语从句定语从句相当于形容词，它对先行词起修饰、描述或限制作用，而同位语从句则相当于名词，它对其前面的词给予说明或作进一步解释，即说明该词所表示的具体内容。例如：T
38、he news that we heard is not true.(定语从句)The news that he won the prize is not true.(同位语从句)另：在“have no idea+从句“结构中，其从句都作 idea 的同位语。例如：I have no idea when she will be back.十、把握定语从句中的时空概念在定语从句的运用中，当其先行词表示时间或空间概念时，有些学生很容易想当然地用关系副词 when 或 where 引导，而没有具体情况具体处理。所以，应注意以下几点。（）从逻辑意义上讲，只有从句中的谓语动词与该先行词构成动状（时间、地
39、点）关系时，才能用 when 或 where 引导从句；或视不同情况以 prep.+which代之。例如：1、 This is the country where/in which Edison was born。 （动状关系）2、 Ill never forget the year when/in which the terrible earthquake happened.(动状关系)3、 England was one of the places from which the settlers moved to America.(动状关系)（）从逻辑意义上看，当从句中的谓语动词与该类先行
40、词有主谓关系或动宾关系时，则以 which/that 或 prep.+which 引导从句。4、 Please follow the custom of the country which/that you are going to visit.(动宾关系)5、 For ever Ill remember the year that/which brought me happy memory.(主谓关系)6、 He is going to work in Tibet which/that is far away from Hebei Province.(主谓关系)13（）从逻辑意义上讲，当从句
41、中作主语的名词与先行词存在所属关系时，则用词 whose。7、 Mr.Gallant is going to the country whose name is Sweden.(所属关系)8、 Generally,we refer to(指的是)the time whose speed is unchanged.(所属关系)十一、浅述主动式定语从句的简化英语表达方式是相当灵活的，为了表达言简意赅，使叙述简洁明快，常用一定的语法手段把句子加以简化，定语从句被简化成简单句就是常见的一种。下面简单谈谈主动式定语从句简化的几种情况。（）定语从句中的关系代词为从句主语，其谓语动词是现在进行时，可以用现在
42、分词短语来简化。例如：The man who is teaching us English now graduated from Hubei University three years ago.The man teaching us.现在教我们英语的老师三年前毕业于湖北大学。但是，如果定语从句动词之后没有介词作状语时，现在分词常置于中心词之前。例如：The countries which are developing should get united.The developing countries should.发展中的国家应该团结起来。（）把定语从句简化为现在分词短语有以下几个条件。1
43、、从句的动词和主句的动作的时态的一致。例如：My father used to work for the neighbours that lived here. .the neighbours living here.我父亲过去常给住在这儿的邻居干活儿。2、从句谓语的动作可以发生在主句谓语动作之前。例如：Can you catch the early bus which will leave at 6:00 this morning? Can you catch the early bus leaving at.你能赶上今天早晨六点钟离开的早班汽车吗？143、从句和主句的动词和动作都是泛指的。
44、例如：China is a developing country which belongs to the third world. .country belonging to the third world.中国是一个属于第三世界的发展中国家。 4、从句谓语动作一发生，主句谓语动词的动作紧接着发生。例如：The man who stole into the bank was caught immediately on the spot.The man stealing into.溜进银行偷窃的那个人被立即当场逮住。（）如果定语从句中是连系动词 be 的一般现在时或一般过去时，且表语是介词短语
45、，形容词短语或名词短语，可以把它们简化作中心词的后置定语。例如：The farmers had to fetch water from a river which was a mile away from the village.a river a mile away from the village.家民们得从离村子一里路远的河里取来水。The students who were from the N0.14 Middle School have gathered. The students from the No.14 Middle school.来自十四中的学生集合好了。（）定语从句的谓
46、语是表示程度、时间和方式等的副词或副词短语修饰语，可用副词和现在分词（两者之间用连字号）作中心词的前置修饰语。例如：This is a man who works hard.This is a hard-working man.这是一位勤奋工作的人。（）如果定语从句的动词是一个普通名词作宾语时，可用名词和现在分词（二者之间须用连字号）作定语来简化。例如： The south of Hubei is an area which grows rice.The Sorth of Hubei is a rice-growing area.（）定语从句中有一系列并列形容词作表语，可简化成简单句，形容词变
47、成中心词的前置定语。例如：15A person who is gentle,lovable and familiar is always easy to get along with.A gentle,lovable and familiar person is always.一位温和，可爱和熟悉的人总是容易相处。（）如果定语从句的谓语动词与中心词有逻辑上的动宾关系，动状关系和主谓关系时，可以简化成不定式短语作中心词的后置定语。例如： He is a good student with whom you can study.student to study with.他是一位能一起学习的好学生
48、。（）如果定语从句中有 have 加宾语被形容词修饰时，可以简化成 with 短语中心词的后置定语，也可以简化成名词加-ed 作前置定语。例如：a girl who has blue eyesa girl with blue eyes.a blue-eyed girl十二、定语从句典型错误例析1.【误】The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put it into my mouth.【正】The finger I dipped into the cup was not the one I put into my mouth.【析】上
49、句应由关系代词 that 或 which 在定语从句中作宾语，已省去。因此，从句中的宾语 it 多余。又如：【误】Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he was buried there in 1977【正】Chaplin lived the last years of his life in Switzerland,where he was buried in 1977.2.【误】I,who is a Chinese,will do my best for our country.【正】I,who am a Chinese,will do my best for our country.【析】定语从句中谓语动词的形式应依据先行词的人称和数来确定，保持主谓一致。如：Mike is one of the students who know the truth.(先行词为16students)Mike is the only one of the students who knows the truth.(先行
