1、Unit Two Psychology1 / 11Unit Two Psychology1. What can you do?1.1 Background informationTerms Definitions psychologycognitive developmentemotion display1.2 Word Expansion1.2.1 Word familyn. v. adj. adv.perceptionpresumptionincorporateassimilateuniversally1.2.2 Derivative roots Derivatives cludepsyc
2、h 2. Lets readPiagets Theory of Cognitive DevelopmentAccording to child psychologist Jean Piaget, the mind assimilates new information by first attempting to incorporate it into ones existing view of the world. Sometimes, new information is incompatible with a persons established world-view. When th
3、is happens, it is necessary to analyze and modify thinking patterns in order to integrate the new information. In his work Unit Two Psychology2 / 11with children, Piaget observed that they think differently as they grow. He therefore concluded that a persons ability to process new information increa
4、ses with maturation. Piaget believed that this cognitive development occurs universally among children and that it progresses through four stages.From birth until about the age of two, children experience the sensorimotor stage. The name of this stage derives from the fact that information is gained
5、 through sensory perceptions and motor activities. Actions like seeing, touching, or sucking enable children in the sensorimotor stage of development to explore their surroundings and learn about themselves. Their knowledge about their environment is gathered solely through physical interactions wit
6、h it. Therefore, childrens understanding of the world at this stage is narrow. Nonetheless, children in the sensorimotor stage make many important discoveries. Particularly significant is the discovery that they are separate from their environment. They realize that their surroundings are not extens
7、ions of themselves. In addition, children in this stage become aware that objects continue to exist even when they are out of sight. The preoperational stage occurs next, when children are between two and seven years old. (A)During this stage of cognitive development, children learn to use symbols t
8、o represent objects, and they become proficient in language. (B)They also learn how to classify objects according to a single characteristic such as size or shape. (C)Another characteristic of children at this stage of cognitive development is egocentric behavior. (D)This is caused by their inabilit
9、y to understand any perspective but their own.As children acquire life experience, they become capable of reasoning in more sophisticated ways. Between the ages of seven and eleven, they enter the third stage of cognitive development, the concrete operational stage. At this stage, they begin to thin
10、k more logically and can solve abstract problems. Along with these achievements comes a decrease in the egocentrism characteristic of the preoperational stage. In addition, children in this stage can classify objects according to several features. In the previous stage of development, they were only
11、 able to group objects together according to a single feature.The fourth stage of cognitive development is the formal operational stage. It begins when children are between eleven and fifteen and represents the ultimate stage of cognitive development. Adolescents in this stage of development are abl
12、e to skillfully represent abstract concepts using symbols. Piaget pointed out, however, that some people never reach the formal operational stage. Those who do have the ability to reason hypothetically and deductively.Piagets theory of cognitive development has been very influential since the time o
13、f its proposal in 1969. However, not everyone is in agreement about exactly how children cognitively develop. Some psychologists wonder whether cognitive development can really be divided into four distinct stages. In spite of this, Piaget has had a significant impact on modern psychology and childr
14、ens education. 2.1 Exercises1. The word integrate in the passage is closest in meaning toA. include B. editC. repeat D. rememberUnit Two Psychology3 / 112. In paragraph 1, the author introduces Piagets theory of cognitive development byA. mentioning the work of psychologists who preceded PiagetB. de
15、scribing Piagets belief about how the mind deals with new informationC. giving an example of how children act in each stage of cognitive developmentD. indicating that children who are the same age think in different ways3. The word solely in the passage is closest in meaning toA. exclusively B. freq
16、uentlyC. patiently D. easily4. The word they in the passage refers to A. surroundings B. extensionsC. children D. objects5. Which of the following is a characteristic of children in the sensorimotor stage of development?A. They are able to use language to express their emotions.B. They do not have t
17、he ability to move themselves around.C. They realize they are separate from their surroundings.D. They have the ability to sort objects by shape.6. The word proficient in the passage is closest in meaning toA. motivated B. competentC. remarkable D. understandable7. Based on information in paragraph
18、3, what can be inferred about children in the preoperational stage?A. They can use tools to achieve their goals.B. They are likely to arrange objects from the smallest to the largest.C. They understand relationships between cause and effect.D. They probably personify objects around them.8. According
19、 to the passage, which of the following is true about the preoperational stage?A. Logical thinking develops. B. Cooperativeness increases.C. Egocentric behaviors become evident. D. Mathematical skills develop.9. According to paragraph 5, all of the following are true about the fourth stage EXCEPTA.
20、people who reach it can reason hypotheticallyB. all 13-year-old children belong to this stageC. it represents cognition in its final formD. a child in this stage uses symbols related to abstract conceptsUnit Two Psychology4 / 1110. According to paragraph 6, what aspect of Piagets theory has been cri
21、ticized?A. The age at which the preoperational stage beginsB. The assertion that egocentrism is universalC. The suggestion that cognitive development begins at birthD. The division of cognitive development into four stages11. Look at the four squares【】that indicate where the following sentence could
22、 be added to the passage.Such behavior is manifested in childrens presumption that everyone else knows and sees the same things they do. Where would the sentence best fit?.12. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting
23、 the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage.Piagets 1969 theory of cognitive development proposed that children think dif
24、ferently as they get older.Answer ChoicesA. Piagets theory has received both criticism and praise and has become quite influential in the fields of education and psychology.B. There are times when new information encountered by a person is incompatible with existing ideas about how the world works.C
25、. The sensorimotor stage of cognitive development is one of four stages that Piaget suggested children progress through as they age.D. Some people do not experience all four stages of cognitive development and may skip over the concrete operational stage.E. Fundamental to Piagets theory of cognitive
26、 development is the belief that people become better at assimilating new information as they mature.F. Childrens cognitive abilities become more sophisticated as they advance through the four stages of development.2.2 Words self-centeredness 自我中心，自私自利2.3 All In One:a) Cognitive development occurs un
27、iversally among children.b) Cognitive development progresses through four stages.c) These are what Piaget believed.Long sentence 1: _a) The third stage of cognitive development is between the ages of seven and eleven.b) The third stage is named as the concrete operational stage.c) At this stage, chi
28、ldren begin to think more logically.d) At this stage, children can solve abstract problems.Long sentence 2: _2.4 Summary _Unit Two Psychology6 / 113. Lets Listen3.1 Note-taking_3.2 Exercises1. What is the main topic of the talk?A. How we can distinguish different colors.B. How we can perceive and in
29、terpret color.C. How we define status through colors.D. How we recognize various colors.2. According to the professor, what is true about red, green and blue?A. They are the colors which all colors can be made from.B. They are colors which the brain can easily recognize.C. They can be mixed to creat
30、e different images.D. They are the most prevalent colors in nature.3. Which of the following characteristics of color is mentioned in the talk? Choose 2 answers.A. Colors exist as both a wave and a particle.B. Colors can have various meanings within the same culture.C. Every color is made from a gro
31、up of simple colors.D. Colors have been important since prehistoric times.4. What does the professor say about color therapy?A. The Romans used it to treat highly ranked officials.B. The Chinese invented the practice.C. It is a popular form of treatment in alternative medicine.D. Many psychologists
32、are skeptical of its effectiveness.5. Why does the professor mention the psychological study in the talk？A. To establish how confusing the study of colors can be.B. To provide another example of research done on colors.Unit Two Psychology7 / 11C. To illustrate the importance of conducting scientific
33、 studies.D. To contrast against the previous idea that colors are significant.Listen again to part of the lecture. Then answer the question.6. What does the professor imply when she says this:A. Wearing a black uniform makes the players more violent.B. A certain color is perceived as more aggressive
34、.C. People do not like players in black uniforms.D. People associate a certain color with being evil.3.3 Words & Expressionswords v. Definitionsimpulse n. a sudden or urge wish to do something 突然的欲望，一时的念头；冲动regenerate v. to give or obtain new life；form, grow again 新生，再生 duplicate a. (something that
35、is) exactly like another 完全一样的（东西） ，重复的，双重的holistic a.based on the principle that a whole thing or being is more than just a collection of parts added together 整体（论）的，全面的embrace v. to make use of or accept eagerly（乐意）利用，欣然接受jersey n. a woollen garment for the upper part of the body 卫生（运动）衫，圆领紧身毛（绒）衣
36、3.4 SummaryUnit Two Psychology8 / 11_4. Lets speakYou will read a short passage and then listen to a talk on the same topic. You will then be asked a question about them. After you hear the question, you will have 30 seconds to prepare your response and 60 seconds to speak.Emotion Display RulesEmoti
37、on display rules are the unwritten and often unformulated “rules” guiding the show of emotion in different cultures. They help determine which emotion can be shown in what way by whom and in what situation. Research has shown that not only deliberate but even spontaneous shows of emotion follow rule
38、s that vary with culture. Often, what emotion may be displayed and in what way change depending on the agents age, gender, social status etc. One presently unpopular corollary to the existence of such rules is the implication that cultural stereotypes may , indeed, have a basis in fact. Now, lets li
39、sten to a talk on the same subject.Note-taking:Unit Two Psychology9 / 11_Question: Explain how the example of the professors four-year-old daughter demonstrates the concept of emotion display rules in the reading passage.5. Its your turn 5.1 Language Enhancement 5.1.1 Find the synonyms of the follow
40、ing words. A B C Dgenerate increase utilize produce saveperception understanding inspection response attentioncollaborate compete engage cooperate arguepresumption research guess attempt theoryimpoverish unhappy poor weak discourage5.1.2 Paraphrase the following sentencesOriginal Piaget believed tha
41、t this cognitive development occurs universally Unit Two Psychology10 / 11Sentence among children and that it progresses through four stages.ParaphraseOriginal SentenceObviously, most psychologists do not completely embrace color therapy because they believe that the supposed effects of color have been exaggerated.ParaphraseOriginal SentenceResearch has shown that not only deliberate but even spontaneous shows of emotion follow rules that vary with culture.ParaphraseUnit Two Psychology11 / 11
