1、 微信扫描二维码关注启航考研（qh_kaoyan）考研自学平台 咋学微信号： 咋学网（zaxueapp）2016 考研资料分享群：2486005112010 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题Section Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points) In 1924 Americas National Research Council
2、sent two engineers to supervise a series of experiments at a large telephone parts factory called the Hawthorne Plant near Chicago. It hoped they would learn how shop floor lighting 1workers productivity. Instead, the studies ended 2giving their name to the “Hawthorne effect”, the extremely influent
3、ial idea that the very 3to being experimented upon changed subjects behavior.The idea arose because of the 4behavior of the women in the plant. According to 5 of the experiments, their hourly output rose when lighting was increased, but also when it was dimmed. It did not 6what was done in the exper
4、iment; 7 something was changed, productivity rose. A(n) 8 that they were being experimented upon seemed to be 9 to alter workers behavior10itself.After several decades, the same data were 11to econometric analysis. The Hawthorne experiments has another surprise in store. 12 the descriptions on recor
5、d, no systematic 13 was found that levels of productivity were related to changes in lighting.It turns out that peculiar way of conducting the experiments may have led to 14 interpretations of what happened. 15, lighting was always changed on a Sunday .When work started again on Monday, output 16 ro
6、se compared with the previous Saturday and 17 to rise for the next couple of days. 18, a comparison with data for weeks when there was no experimentation showed that output always went up on Mondays. Workers 19 to be diligent for the first few days of the week in any case, before 20 a plateau and th
7、en slackening off. This suggests that the alleged “Hawthorne effect” is hard to pin down.(290 words)1. A affectedB achieved C extractedD restored2. A at B upC withD off3. A truthB sightC actD proof4. A controversialB perplexingC mischievousD ambiguous5. A requirementsB explanationsC accountsD assess
8、ments6. A concludeB matterC indicateD work7. A as far asB for fear thatC in case thatD so long as8. A awareness B expectationC sentimentD illusion9. A suitable B excessiveC enoughD abundant10. A aboutB forC onD by11. A comparedB shownC subjectedD conveyed12. A contrary toB consistent withC parallel
9、withD peculiar to13. A evidence B guidanceC implicationD source14. A disputableB enlighteningC reliable D misleading15. A In contrastB For exampleC In consequence D As usual16. A dulyB accidentallyC unpredictablyD suddenly17. A failedB ceasedC started D continued18. A ThereforeB FurthermoreC However
10、 D Meanwhile19. A attemptedB tendedC chose D intended微信扫描二维码关注启航考研（qh_kaoyan）考研自学平台 咋学微信号： 咋学网（zaxueapp）20. A breaking B climbing C surpassingD hittingSection Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D . Mark you
11、r answers on ANSWER SHEET 1(40 points)Text 1Of all the changes that have taken place in English language newspapers during the past quarter century, perhaps the most far reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.It is difficult to the point of impos
12、sibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high quality arts criticism could be found in most big city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.T
13、o read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general circulation dailies. We were even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War
14、II, at a time when newsprint was dirt cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared. In those far off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered. Theirs was a
15、 serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about. These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press. “So few authors have brains enough
16、 or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define journalism as a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are.” Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten. Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Gu
17、ardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket. During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England s foremost classical music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography (1947) became a best seller. H
18、e was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored. Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists. Is there any chance that Cardus s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote. Journalistic tastes had chan
19、ged long before his death, and postmodernreaders have little use for the richly uphostered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized. Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.21It is indicated in Paragraphs 1 and 2 thatA arts criticism has disappeared from big c
20、ity newspapers.B English language newspapers used to carry more arts reviews.C high quality newspapers retain a large body of readers.D young readers doubt the suitability of criticism on dailies.22Newspaper reviews in England before World War 2 were characterized byA free themes. B casual style.微信扫
21、描二维码关注启航考研（qh_kaoyan）考研自学平台 咋学微信号： 咋学网（zaxueapp）C elaborate layout. D radical viewpoints.23Which of the following would shaw and Newman most probably agree on?A It is writers duty to fulfill journalistic goals.B It is contemptible for writers to be journalists.C Writers are likely to be tempted into
22、 journalism.D Not all writers are capable of journalistic writing.24What can be learned about Cardus according to the last two paragraphs?A His music criticism may not appeal to readers today.B His reputation as a music critic has long been in dispute.C His style caters largely to modern specialists
23、.D His writings fail to follow the amateur tradition.25What would be the best title for the text?A Newspapers of the Good Old Days B The Lost Horizon in NewspapersC Mournful Decline of Journalism D Prominent Critics in MemoryText 2Over the past decade, thousands of patents have been granted for what
24、 are called business methods. A received one for its “one click” online payment system. Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy. One inventor patented a technique for lifting a box.Now the nations top patent court appears completely ready to scale back on business method
25、patents, which have been controversial ever since they were first authorized 10 years ago. In a move that has intellectual property lawyers abuzz, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business method patents. In re Bilski,
26、 as the case is known, is “a very big deal”, says Dennis D.Crouch of the University of Missouri School of Law. It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”Curbs on business method claims would be a dramatic about face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such
27、 patents with is 1998 decision in the so called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual fund assets. That ruling produced an explosion in business method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive rights to specific types of o
28、nline transactions. Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might beat them to the punch. In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business method patents despite the fact that it qu
29、estioned the legal basis for granting them. Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.
30、 The Federal Circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the courts judges, rather than a typical panel of three, and that one issue it wants to evaluate is whether it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.The Federal Circuits action comes in the wake
31、 of a series of recent decisions by the Supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders. Last April, for 微信扫描二维码关注启航考研（qh_kaoyan）考研自学平台 咋学微信号： 咋学网（zaxueapp）example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious. The judges
32、on the Federal Circuit are “reacting to the anti patent trend at the Supreme Court,” says Harole C. Wegner, a patent attorney and professor at George Washington University Law School.26Business method patents have recently aroused concern because ofA their limited value to business. B their connecti
33、on with asset allocation.C the possible restriction on their granting. D the controversy over authorization.27Which of the following is true of the Bilski case?A Its ruling complies with the court decisions.B It involves a very big business transaction.C It has been dismissed by the Federal Circuit.
34、D It may change the legal practices in the U.S28The word “about face” （Line 1, Para 3） most probably meansA loss of good will. B increase of hostility.C change of attitude. D enhancement of dignity.29We learn from the last two paragraphs that business method patentsA are immune to legal challenges.
35、B are often unnecessarily issued.C lower the esteem for patent holders. D increase the incidence of risks.30Which of the following would be the subject of the text?A A looming threat to business method patents.B Protection for business method patent holders.C A legal case regarding business method p
36、atents.D A prevailing trend against business method patents.Text 3In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm Aladuell argues that “social epidemics” are driven in large part by the actions of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or we
37、ll connected. The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesnt explain how ideas actually spread.The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plausible sounding but largely untested theory called the “two step flow of communication”: Information flows from the media to the influentials an
38、d from them to everyone else. Marketers have embraced the two step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them. The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of certain looks, brands
39、, or neighborhoods. In many such cases, a cursory search for causes finds that some small group of people was wearing, promoting, or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention. Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trend
40、sIn their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed. In fact, they dont seem to be required of at all.The researchersargument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with th
41、e exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey whose outsize presence is primarily a 微信扫描二维码关注启航考研（qh_kaoyan）考研自学平台 咋学微信号： 咋学网（zaxueapp）function of media, not interpersonal, influence even the most influential members of a population simply dont interact with that many others. Yet it is precise
42、ly these non celebrity influentials who, according to the two step flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics by influencing their friends and colleagues directly. For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in
43、 turn influence theirs, and so on; and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with the initial influential. If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example, the cascade of change wont propagate very far
44、or affect many people.Building on this basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of social influence by conducting thousands of computer simulations of populations, manipulating a number of variables relating to peopless ability to influence others and their ten
45、dency to be infiuenced.They found that the principal requirement for what is called “global cascades” the widespread propagation of influence through networks is the presence not of a few influentials but, rather, of a critical mass of easily influenced people.31By citing the book The Tipping Point,
46、 the author intends toA analyze the consequences of social epidemics.B discuss influentials function in spreading ideas.C exemplify peoples intuitive response to social epidemics.D describe the essential characteristics of influentials.32The author suggests that the “two step flow theory”A serves as
47、 a solution to marketing problems.B has helped explain certain prevalent trends.C has won support from influentials.D requires solid evidence for its validity.33What the researchers have observed recently shows thatA the power of influence goes with social interactions.B interpersonal links can be e
48、nhanced through the media.C influentials have more channels to reach the public.D most celebrities enjoy wide media attention.34The underlined phrase “these people” in paragraph 4 refers to the ones whoA stay outside the network of social influence.B have little contact with the source of influence.C are influenced and then influence others.D are influenced by the initial influential.35What is the essential element in the dynamics of social influence?A The eagerness to be accepted.B The
