1、高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料0A 高分子化学和高分子物理UNIT 1 What are Polymer?第一单元 什么是高聚物？What are polymers? For one thing, they are complex and giant molecules and are different from low molecular weight compounds like, say, common salt. To contrast the difference, the molecular weight of common salt is only 58.5, while th
2、at of a polymer can be as high as several hundred thousand, even more than thousand thousands. These big molecules or macro-molecules are made up of much smaller molecules, can be of one or more chemical compounds. To illustrate, imagine that a set of rings has the same size and is made of the same
3、material. When these things are interlinked, the chain formed can be considered as representing a polymer from molecules of the same compound. Alternatively, individual rings could be of different sizes and materials, and interlinked to represent a polymer from molecules of different compounds.什么是高聚
4、物？首先，他们是合成物和大分子，而且不同于低分子化合物，譬如说普通的盐。与低分子化合物不同的是，普通盐的分子量仅仅是 58.5，而高聚物的分子量高于 105，甚至大于 106。这些大分子或“高分子”由许多小分子组成。小分子相互结合形成大分子，大分子能够是一种或多种化合物。举例说明，想象一组大小相同并由相同的材料制成的环。当这些环相互连接起来，可以把形成的链看成是具有同种分子量化合物组成的高聚物。另一方面，独特的环可以大小不同、材料不同，相连接后形成具有不同分子量化合物组成的聚合物。This interlinking of many units has given the polymer its
5、 name, poly meaning many and mer meaning part (in Greek). As an example, a gaseous compound called butadiene, with a molecular weight of 54, combines nearly 4000 times and gives a polymer known as polybutadiene (a synthetic rubber) with about 200 000molecular weight. The low molecular weight compoun
6、ds from which the polymers form are known as monomers. The picture is simply as follows:许多单元相连接给予了聚合物一个名称，poly 意味着“多、聚、重复” ，mer 意味着“链节、基体” （希腊语中） 。例如：称为丁二烯的气态化合物，分子量为 54，化合将近 4000次，得到分子量大约为 200000被称作聚丁二烯（合成橡胶）的高聚物。形成高聚物的低分子化合物称为单体。下面简单地描述一下形成过程：butadiene + butadiene + + butadiene-polybutadiene(4 000
7、 time)丁二烯 丁二烯丁二烯聚丁二烯（4000 次）One can thus see how a substance (monomer) with as small a molecule weight as 54 grow to become a giant molecule (polymer) of (544 000)200 000 molecular weight. It is essentially the giantness of the size of the polymer molecule that makes its behavior different from that
8、 of a commonly known chemical compound such as benzene. Solid benzene, for instance, melts to become liquid benzene at 5.5 and , on further heating, boils into gaseous benzene. As against this well-defined behavior of a simple chemical compound, a polymer like polyethylene does not melt sharply at o
9、ne particular temperature into clean liquid. 高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料1Instead, it becomes increasingly softer and, ultimately, turns into a very viscous, tacky molten mass. Further heating of this hot, viscous, molten polymer does convert it into various gases but it is no longer polyethylene. (Fig. 1.1) .因而
10、能够看到分子量仅为 54的小分子物质（单体）如何逐渐形成分子量为 200000的大分子（高聚物） 。实质上，正是由于聚合物的巨大的分子尺寸才使其性能不同于象苯这样的一般化合物。例如，固态苯，在 5.5熔融成液态苯，进一步加热，煮沸成气态苯。与这类简单化合物明确的行为相比，像聚乙烯这样的聚合物不能在某一特定的温度快速地熔融成纯净的液体。而聚合物变得越来越软，最终，变成十分粘稠的聚合物熔融体。将这种热而粘稠的聚合物熔融体进一步加热，不会转变成各种气体，但它不再是聚乙烯（如图 1.1） 。固态苯液态苯气态苯加热，5.5 加热，80固体聚乙烯熔化的聚乙烯各种分解产物-但不是聚乙烯加热 加热图 1.1
11、低分子量化合物（苯）和聚合物（聚乙烯）受热后的不同行为Another striking difference with respect to the behavior of a polymer and that of a low molecular weight compound concerns the dissolution process. Let us take, for example, sodium chloride and add it slowly to s fixed quantity of water. The salt, which represents a low mo
12、lecular weight compound, dissolves in water up to s point (called saturation point) but, thereafter, any further quantity added does not go into solution but settles at the bottom and just remains there as solid. The viscosity of the saturated salt solution is not very much different from that of wa
13、ter. But if we take a polymer instead, say, polyvinyl alcohol, and add it to a fixed quantity of water, the polymer does not go into solution immediately. The globules of polyvinyl alcohol first absorb water, swell and get distorted in shape and after a long time go into solution. Also, we can add a
14、 very large quantity of the polymer to the same quantity of water without the saturation point ever being reached. As more and more quantity of polymer is added to water, the time taken for the dissolution of the polymer obviously increases and the mix ultimately assumes a soft, dough-like consisten
15、cy. Another peculiarity is that, in water, polyvinyl alcohol never retains its original powdery nature as the excess sodium chloride does in a saturated salt solution. In conclusion, we can say that (1) the long time taken by polyvinyl alcohol for dissolution, (2) the absence of a saturation point,
16、and (3) the increase in the viscosity are all characteristics of a typical polymer being dissolved in a solvent and these characteristics are attributed mainly to the large molecular size of the polymer. The behavior of a low molecular weight compound and that of a polymer on dissolution are illustr
17、ated in Fig.1.2.发现另一种不同的聚合物行为和低分子量化合物行为是关于溶解过程。例如，让我们研究一下，将氯化钠慢慢地添加到固定量的水中。盐，代表一种低分子量化合物，在水中达到点（叫饱和点）溶解，但，此后，进一步添加盐不进入溶液中却沉到底部而保持原有的固体状态。饱和盐溶液的粘度与水的粘度不是十分不同，但是，如果我们用聚合物替代，譬如说，将聚乙烯醇添加到固定量的水中，聚合物不是马上进入到溶液中。聚乙烯醇颗粒首先吸水溶胀，发生形变，经过很长的时间以后进入到溶液中。同样地，我们可以将大量的聚合物加入到同样量的水中，不存在饱和点。将越来越多的聚合物加入水中，认为聚合物溶解的高分子专业英语选
18、讲课文翻译资料2时间明显地增加，最终呈现柔软像面团一样粘稠的混合物。另一个特点是，在水中聚乙烯醇不会像过量的氯化钠在饱和盐溶液中那样能保持其初始的粉末状态。总之，我们可以讲（1）聚乙烯醇的溶解需要很长时间， （2）不存在饱和点， （3）粘度的增加是典型聚合物溶于溶液中的特性，这些特性主要归因于聚合物大分子的尺寸。如图 1.2说明了低分子量化合物和聚合物的溶解行为。氯化钠晶体加入到水中晶体进入到溶液中.溶液的粘度不是十分不同于充分搅拌水的粘度形成饱和溶液.剩余的晶体维持不溶解状态.加入更多的晶体并搅拌氯化钠的溶解聚乙烯醇碎片加入到水中碎片开始溶胀碎片慢慢地进入到溶液中允许维持现状 充分搅拌形成粘
19、稠的聚合物溶液.溶液粘度十分高于水的粘度继续搅拌聚合物的溶解图 1.2 低分子量化合物（氯化钠）和聚合物（聚乙烯醇）不同的溶解行为Gowariker VR, Viswanathan N V, Sreedhar J. Polymer Science. New York:John Wiley hence the polymerization reaction will continue in a stepwise fashion, with each esterification of monomers. Thus, molecular weight increases slowly even a
20、t high levels of monomer conversion, and it will continue to increase until the viscosity build-up makes it mechanically too difficult to remove water of esterification or for reactive end groups to find each other.聚酯化，是否在二元酸和二元醇或羟基酸分子间进行，是逐步聚合反应过程的一个例子。酯化反应出现在单体本体中两个单体分子相碰撞的位置，且酯一旦形成，依靠酯上仍有活性的羟基或羧基
21、还可以进一步进行反应。酯化的结果是单体分子很快地被消耗掉，而分子量却没有多少增加。图 3.1说明了这个现象。例如，假定图 3.1中的每一个方格代表一个羟基酸分子。 （b）中的二聚体分子，消耗二分之一的单体分子聚合物种类的聚合度（DP）是 2。 （c）中当三聚体和更多的二聚体形成，大于 80%的单体分子已反应，但 DP仅仅还是 2.5。 （d）中当所有的单体反应完，DP 是 4。但形成的每一种聚合物分子还有反应活性的端基；因此，聚合反应将以逐步的方式继续进行，其每一步酯化反应的反应速率和反应机理均与初始单体的酯化作用相同。因此，分子量缓慢增加直至高水平的单体转化率，而且分子量将继续增加直到粘度的
22、增加使其难以除去酯化反应的水或难以找到相互反应的端基。It can also be shown that in the A-A+B-B type of polymerization, an exact stoichiometric balance is necessary to achieve high molecular weights. If some monofunctional impurity is present, its reaction will limit the molecular weight by rendering a chain end inactive. Simi
23、larly, high-purity monomers are necessary in the A-B type of polycondensation and it follows that high-yield reactions are the only practical ones for polymer formation, since side reactions will upset the stoichiometric balance.在 A-A+B-B的聚合反应中也可以看到，精确的当量平衡是获得高分子量所必需的。假如存在一些但官能团杂质，由于链的端基失活，反应将使分子量减少
24、。同样，在 A-B类的缩聚反应中高纯度的单体是必要的，而且可以归结高收率的反应仅是形成聚合物的实际反应，因为副反应会破坏当量平衡。-Stevens M P. Polymer Chemistry. London: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1975. 13UNIT 4 Ionic Polymerization第四单元 离子聚合反应Ionic polymerization, similar to radial polymerization, also has the mechanism of a chain reaction. The kinetics
25、of ionic polymerization are, however, considerably different from that of radical polymerization.高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料6离子聚合反应，与自由基聚合反应相似，也有链反应的机理。但是，离子聚合的动力学明显地不同于自由基聚合反应。(1) The initiation reaction of ionic polymerization needs only a small activation energy. Therefore, the rate of polymerization depends
26、 only slightly on the temperature. Ionic polymerizations occur in many cases with explosive violence even at temperature. below 50(for example, the anionic polymerization of styrene at 70 in tetrahydrofuran, or the cationic polymerization of isobutylene at 100 in liquid ethylene ).(1)离子聚合的引发反应仅需要很小的
27、活化能。因此，聚合反应的速率仅对温度有较少的依赖性。在许多情况下离子聚合猛烈地发生甚至低于 50（例如，苯乙烯的阴离子聚合反应在-70在四氢呋喃中，或异丁烯的阳离子聚合在-100在液态乙烯中） 。(2) With ionic polymerization there is no compulsory chain termination through recombination, because the growing chains can not react with each other. Chain termination takes place only through impurit
28、ies, or through the addition of certain compounds such as water, alcohols, acids, amines, or oxygen, and in general through compounds which can react with polymerization ions under the formation of neutral compounds or inactive ionic species. If the initiators are only partly dissociated, the initia
29、tion reaction is an equilibrium reaction, where reaction in one direction gives rise to chain initiation and in the other direction to chain termination.（2）对于离子聚合来说，不存在通过再结合反应而进行的强迫链终止，因为生长链之间不能发生链终止。链终止反应仅仅通过杂质而发生，或者说通过和某些像水、醇、酸、胺或氧这样的化合物进行加成而发生，且一般来说（链终止反应）可通过这样的化合物来进行，这种化合物在中性聚合物或没有聚合活性的离子型聚合物生成的
30、过程中可以和活性聚合物离子进行反应。如果引发剂仅仅部分地离解，引发反应即为一个平衡反应，在出现平衡反应的场合，在一个方向上进行链引发反应，而在另一个方向上则发生链终止反应。In general ionic polymerization polymerization can be initiated through acidic or basic compounds. For cationic polymerization, complexes of BF3, AlCl3, TiCl4, and SnCl4 with water, or alcohols, or tertiary oxonium
31、 salts have shown themselves to be particularly active. The positive ions are the ones that cause chain initiation. For example:通常离子聚合反应能通过酸性或碱性化合物被引发。对于阳离子聚合反应来说，BF 3,AlCl3,TiCl4和 SnCl4与水、或乙醇，或叔烊盐的络合物提供了部分活性。正离子是产生链引发的化合物。例如：(反应略)三乙基硼氟酸烊 However, also with HCl, H2SO4, and KHSO4, one can initiate ca
32、tionic polymerization. Initiators for anionic polymerization are alkali metals and their organic compounds, such as phenyllithium, butyllithium, phenyl sodium, and triphenylmethyl potassium, which are more or less strongly dissociated in different solvents. To this group belong also the so called Al
33、fin catalysts, which are a mixture of sodium isopropylate, allyl sodium, and sodium chloride.然而，BF 3也可以与 HCl、H 2SO4和 KHSO4引发阳离子聚合反应。阴离子聚合反应的引发剂是碱金属和它们的有机金属化合物，例如苯基锂、丁基锂和三苯甲基锂，它们在不同的溶剂中或多或少地强烈分解。所谓的 Alfin催化剂就是属于这一类，这类催化剂是异丙醇钠、烯丙基钠和氯化钠的混合物。With BF3 (and isobutylene as the monomer), it was 高分子专业英语选讲课文翻
34、译资料7demonstrated that the polymerization is possible only in the presence of traces of traces of water or alcohol. If one eliminates the trace of water, BF3 alone does not give rise to polymerization. Water or alcohols are necessary in order to allow the formation of the BF3-complex and the initiato
35、r cation according to the above reactions. However, one should not describe the water or the alcohol as a “cocatalyst”.BF3为引发剂（异丁烯为单体） ，证明仅在痕量水或乙醇的存在下聚合反应是可以进行的。如果消除痕量的水，单纯的 BF3不会引发聚合反应。按照上述反应为了能形成 BF3-络合物和引发剂离子水或乙醇是必需的。但是不应将水或乙醇描述成“助催化剂” 。Just as by radical polymerization, one can also prepare copo
36、lymers by ionic polymerization, for example, anionic copolymers of styrene and butadiene, or cationic copolymers of isobutylene and styrene, or isobutylene and viny ethers, etc. As has been described in detail with radical polymerization, one can characterize each monomer pair by so-called reactivit
37、y ratios r1 and r2. The actual values of these two parameters are, however, different from those used for radical copolymerization.正与自由基聚合反应一样，通过离子聚合反应也能制备共聚物，例如，苯乙烯-丁二烯阴离子共聚物，或异丁烯-苯乙烯阳离子共聚物，或异丁烯-乙烯基醚共聚物，等等。正如对自由基型聚合已经详细描述过那样，人们可以用所谓的竞聚率 r1和 r2来表征每单体对。然而，这两个参数的实际意义不同于那些用于自由基共聚合反应的参数。-Vollmert B. Pol
38、ymer Chemistry. Berlin: Sping-Verlag, 1973.163PART B 聚合反应工程C 聚合物材料的加工、性能和应用UNIT 21 Polymer Processing第二十一单元 聚合物加工Polymer processing , in its most general context , involves the transformation of a solid ( sometimes liquid ) polymeric resin , which is in a random form (e. g. powder, pellets , beads )
39、, to a solid plastics product of specified shape , dimensions , and properties. This is achieved by means of a transformation process: extrusion, molding, calendering , coating , thermoforming , etc. The process, in order to achieve the above objective, usually involves the following operations: sol
40、id transport , compression, heating, melting, mixing, shaping, cooling, solidification, and finishing . Obviously, these operations do not necessarily occur in sequence, and many of them take place simultaneously. 在其最一般的情况下，聚合物加工涉及固体（有时侯是液体）聚合物树脂以一种不规则的形式（例如粉末、颗粒、珠子）转化成一种具有特殊形状、尺寸和性能的固体塑料产品。这借助于转换加工
41、：挤出、模塑、压延、涂敷、热成型等。为了获得上述目的，加工通常涉及下述操作：固体输送、压缩、加热、混合、成型、冷却、固化并完成。显然，这些操作不必按序发生，而许多可以同时发生。Shaping is required in order to impart to the material the desired geometry and dimensions. It involves combinations of 高分子专业英语选讲课文翻译资料8viscoelastic deformations and heat transfer, which are generally associated
42、with solidification of the product from the melt. 成型是为了给予材料所需要的几何形状和尺寸。它涉及粘弹形变和热传递，这种粘弹形变和热传递是和产品从熔体的固化（或冷却）相联系的。Shaping includes : (1) two-dimensional operations , e.g. dieforming, calendering and coating , and (2) three-dimensional molding and forming operations. Two-dimensional processes are eith
43、er of the continuous , steady state type )e.g. film and sheet extrusion , wire coating , paper and sheet coating ,calendering ,fiber spinning , pipe and profile extrusion , etc. ) or intermittent as in the case of extrusions associated with intermittent extrusion blow moulding. Generally, moulding o
44、perations are intermittent, and, thus, they tend to involve unsteady state conditions. Thermoforming, vacuum forming, and similar processes may be considered as secondary shaping operations, since they usually involve the reshaping of an already shaped form. In some cases, like blow molding, the pro
45、cess involve primary shaping (parison formation) and secondary shaping (parison inflation ).成型包括：（1）二元操作，例如，口模成型、压延和涂敷， （2）三元的模型和成型操作。二元的操作要么是连续的，固定形状（例如薄膜和板材，电线涂布，纸和平面涂布，压延，纤维拉伸，管材和型材挤出等等。 ） 要么是间歇式的，在挤出的情况下伴有间歇挤出吹膜。通常，模塑操作是间歇的，然而同时倾向于非固定条件。热成型，真空成型，和相似的加工可以认为是二次成型操作，因为它们通常包括已成型形状的再次成型。在某些情况下像吹模，加工包
46、括首次成型（型胚成型）和二次成型（型胚膨胀） 。Shaping operations involve simultaneous or staggered fluid flow and heat transfer. In two-dimensional processes, solidification usually follows the shaping process, whereas solidification and shaping tend to take place simultaneously inside the mold in three dimensional proce
47、sses. Flow regimes, depending on the nature of the material, the equipment, and the processing conditions, usually involve combinations of shear, extensional, and squeezing flows in conjunction with enclosed (contained) or free surface flows. 成型操作包括同时或交叉的液体流动和热传递。在二元加工中，固化（或冷却）伴随着成型加工，反之在三元加工的模塑中固化
48、（或冷却）和成型倾向于同时发生。根据材料的性质、设备和加工条件，流动状态以及根据流动面的自由与否，通常包括剪切、延伸和挤压流动。The thermo-mechanical history experienced by the polymer during flow and solidification results in the development of microstructure (morphology, crystallinity, and orientation distributions) in the manufactured article. The ultimate pr
49、operties of the article are closely related to the microstructure. Therefore, the control of the process and product quality must be based on an understanding of the interactions between resin properties, equipment design, operating conditions, thermo-mechanical history, microstructure, and ultimate product properties. Mathematical modeling and computer simulation have been employed to obtain an understanding of these interactions. Such an approach has gained more importance in view of the expanding util
