1、Anatomy,Unit 1,English for Graduate Students,Contents,I Brainstorming,Lets review some of the words you have learnt concerning anatomy:Systematic anatomy Topographic anatomy Anterior posterior Internal external Superficial profound Proximal distal Ulnar radial,系统解剖,局部解剖,前,后,内,外,浅,深,近侧,远侧,尺侧,桡侧,II Ba
2、ckground information,Who do you know is the father of anatomy? Please say something about him.,Who do you know is the father of contemprory anatomy?,Herophilus Herophilus of Chalcedon is the early “Father of Anatomy“ and Galen remarked that he was the first to have dissected human and animal bodies.
3、 Pliny states Herophilus was the first man to search for the cause of disease by human dissection, and goes on to say that Pharaoh Ptolemy witnessed some of these dissections. Celsus gave Herophilus credit for using prisoners condemned to die as subjects of study immediately previous to their last b
4、reath, by order of the sovereign.,He was the first to accurately differentiate nerves, tendons, and arteries from veins. He divided motor from sensory nerves. He taught that the brain was the seat of the intelligence. He recognised pulsations in arteries and counted them with the aid of a clepshydra
5、 or water-clock. Herophilus gave us the name of the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum, which means “12 fingers long.“ He also named the prostate gland which means “guard“ of the bladder.,His name is attached to the confluence of the venous sinuses in the occipital region of the cerebru
6、m (the torcular of Herophili). This keen anatomist described the liver, pancreas, salivary glands, chyliferous vessels, and genital organs from which he wrote at least nine treatises. Is there any wonder that he is referred to as the early Father of Anatomy,III Text Explanation,In this unit, we are
7、going to learn the structure of a lung and a kidney.,First, please read the new words and expressions.,Please match column A with column BA B 1vascular a 肋间的 2 bronchial b 主动脉 3 nutritive c 营养的 4 alveolar d 心室 5 aorta e 支气管的 6 intercostal f 血管的 7 ventricle j 小气泡,f,e,c,j,b,a,d,1 shunt a 门 2 hilum b 小
8、动脉 3 coronal c 心房 4 cortex d 髓质 5 medulla e 皮质 6 periphery f 毛细血管 7 arteriole g 分流 8 capillary h 外周的 9 atrium I 冠状的,g,a,i,e,d,h,b,f,c,III-2 In-class Reading,Part A,The Blood Vessels of the Lung,The lung receives its blood supply from two vascular systemsthe bronchial and pulmonary circulations. The
9、nutritive blood flow to all but the alveolar structures comes from the bronchial circulation, which originates from the aorta and upper intercostal arteries and receives about 1 per cent of the cardiac output.,About one third of the venous effluent of the bronchial circulation drains into the system
10、ic veins and back to the right ventricle. The remainder drains into the pulmonary veins and, along with the contribution from the thebesian veins in the heart, represents a component of the 1 to 2 per cent right-to-left shunt found in normal subjects. The pulmonary arterial system runs alongside the
11、 airways from the hila（肺门）to the periphery.,The arteries down to the level of the subsegmental airways (2-mm diameter) are thin-walled, predominantly elastic vessels. Beyond this, the arteries become muscularized until they reach diameters of 30m, at which point the muscular coat disappears.,Most of
12、 the arterial pressure drop takes place in these small muscular arteries, which are responsible for the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung.,The pulmonary arterioles empty into an extensive capillary network and drain into thin-walled pulmonary veins, which eventually join with the
13、 arteries and bronchi at the hilum and exit the lung to enter the left atrium. (P133),Questions,1. Where do the lungs get their blood supply?,2. Does the nutritive blood flow to the alveolar structures?,The lung receives its blood supply from two vascular systemsthe bronchial and pulmonary circulati
14、ons.,No. It flows to all but the alveolar structures.,3. Where does 1 per cent of the cardiac output go?,4. What are the arteries down to the level of the subsegmental airways?,It goes to the bronchial circulation.,They are thin-walled, predominantly elastic vessels.,5. What is/ are responsible for
15、the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung?,Small muscular arteries are responsible for the active control of blood flow distribution in the lung.,Part B,Elements of Renal Structure,The human kidneys are anatomically positioned in the retroperitoneal space at level of the lower thorac
16、ic and upper lumbar vertebrae. Each adult kidney weighs approximately 150gm and measures about 12 by 6 by3cm. A coronal section of the kidney reveals two distinct regions.,The outer region, the cortex, is about 1 cm in thickness. The inner region is the medulla and is made up of several conical stru
17、ctures. The bases of these pyramidal structures are located at the corticomedullary junction, and the apices extend into the hilum of the kidney as the papillae.,Each papilla is enclosed by a minor calyx; these calyces collectively communicate with major calyces, forming the renal pelvis. Urine that
18、 flows from the papillae is collected in the renal pelvis and passes to the bladder through the ureters.,Blood is delivered to each kidney from a main renal artery branching from the aorta. The main artery usually divides into two main segmental branches, which are further subdivided into lobar arte
19、ries supplying the upper, middle, and lower regions of the kidney.,These vessels subdivide further as they enter the renal parenchyma and create interlobar arteries that course toward the renal cortex. These smaller arteries provide perpendicular branches, the arcuate arteries, at the corticomedulla
20、ry junction.,Interlobular arteries arising from the arcuates extend into the cortex. The glomerular capillaries receive blood through afferent arterioles that originate from these terminal interlobular arteries.,Histologically, the kidney is composed of a basic structural unit known as the nephron.E
21、ach human kidney contains approximately 1 million nephrons. The nephron is composed of two major components:,a filtering element composed of an enclosed capillary network (the glomerulus)and an attached tubule. The tubule contains several distinct anatomic andfunctional segments. (518words)(from (P1
22、82 CECIL Essentials of Medicine 3rd edition by Thomas E.Anderoli, J.Claude Bennett, Charles C.J. Carpenter, Fred Plum and Lloyd H. Smith, Jr. ),Questions,6.Where do afferent arterioles come from?7.What do the interlobular arteries provide at the corticomedullary junction?,Afferent arterioles come fr
23、om terminal interlobular arteries.,These small arteries provide perpendicular branches, the arcuate arteries, at the corticomedulary junction.,Word Formation,kidney 英 肾 ren- 拉 (prefix) 肾 renal adj. 肾的 renal duct 输尿管 (ureter)renal function test (= kidney function test) 肾功能试验 renal calculus klkjuls 肾结
24、石nephr(o)- 希 (prefix) 肾 nephric adj. 肾的( 同renal)nephric duct 肾管nephritis nefraitis n. 肾炎 (nephritic adj.肾炎的) nephritic calculus klkjuls 肾结石 (同renal calculus ),Word formation,heart 英 心 cardi(o)- 希 (prefix) 心 cardiac- adj. 心的cardiac muscle 心肌cardiac output 心输出量cardioacceleratory .k: dikselrtri adj. 心动
25、加速的,Word formation,lung 英 肺 pulmo- pulmon(o)- 拉 (prefix) 肺pulmonary plmnri adj. 肺的 pulmogram plm grm n. 肺部造影片 pulmonology plmnldi n. 肺病学,Word formation,cut 英 切（断） -tomy 希 (suffix) 切开术oophorotomy .frtmi n. 卵巢切开术，卵巢切除术 ototomy ttmi n. 耳切开术 urethrotomy .jrirtmi n. 尿道切开术,IV Discussion and presentation,N
26、ow we are going to read a passage and then according to what you have read, make a 3-minute presentation.,V- 1 Translation (EnglishChinese),Bronchiectasis (chronic dilatation and inflammation of large or small bronchi and bronchioli) has a predilection for the basal segments of both lower lobes, the
27、 right middle lobe and the lingual of the left upper lobe.,The nutritive blood flow to all but the alveolar structures comes from the bronchial circulation, which originates from the aorta and upper intercostal arteries and receives about 1 per cent of the cardiac output.,These vessels subdivide fur
28、ther as they enter the renal parenchyma and create interlobar arteries that course toward the renal cortex.,Answers,支气管扩张(大支气管或小支气管以及细支气管慢性扩张和炎症)特别容易发生在两肺下叶基底部,右肺中叶和左肺上叶小舌。因为支气管循环始于肺主动脉和上部肋间动脉, 获得约百分之一的心输出量,所以肺除气泡以外的其他部位都依赖支气管循环提供营养血液。当这些血管进入肾实质并形成肾皮质走向的叶间动脉时，将不断向周围分出许多侧支。,V -2 Translation ( Chinese
29、 -English),医学英语文摘翻译文摘的标题 文摘的标题应简明、注目，突出论文中心，便于检索。大多数标题使用:名词短语+ 介词（或修饰语）,例如： Aortic Valve Insufficiency in a 45-year-old Male一45岁男性二尖瓣关闭不全病例讨论(Case Studies, Lab Medicine, June 2005) 2）Pleural Fluid Neopterin Levels in Tuberculous Pleurisy(Clinical Biochemisty ,2007),副标题的作用 1突出重点内容3) Acute-on-Chronic
30、Renal Failure in the Rat: Functional Compensation and Hypoxia Tolerance (Nephrology, February 24, 2006) 2 突出研究方法4) New Insights into Erectile Dysfunction: A Practical Approach(American Journal of Medicine, August 1998),3 突出病例数5) 62例心脏超声指导室间隔缺损介入治疗的应用研究 Echocardiography in transcatheter closure of ve
31、ntricule septal deficit：a practical study of 62 cases,Translation Exercise,Please translate the following sentences into English: 1.进行性肾脏病的新靶点趋化因子受体CCR1研究 2. 糖尿病酮症酸中毒诊断和治疗综述. 3 对慢性肾病及Tx移植病人血浆Cystatin C 和肌酸酐之间的关系研究,Answers,1.Chemokine Receptor CCR1: A new target for progressive kidney disease(Nephrol
32、ogy ,July 22, 2005) 2.Overview of the Diagnosis and Management of Diabetic Ketoacidosis.(The American Journal of the Medical Sciences) 3.Relationship between Plasma Cystatin C and Creatinine in Chronic Renal Diseases and Tx-transplant patients( Clinical Biochemistry),VI After class reading and writi
33、ng,Please read the following passage after class and write a summery .,Answer,Synopsis How does the food people eat get to the cells? It is well known that the food people eat goes into the body through the mouth, the gullet and the stomach. And then what causes it to be digested to send nutrishous
34、food to the cells, which gives people energy to do whatever they want to do? Dr. William Beaumont found out by observing a wounded stomach that what gave rise to digestion, a process of the changes in food as it went through the digestive tract was juice. And later Ivan P. Pavlov, a Russian scientis
35、t found out by an experiment on a dogs stomach how the juice was created.,And now we know when food enters the mouth, a nerve impulse goes to the medulla, which is sent back by the nerves to the stomach. When the impulse reaches the stomach, muscles contract and the cells secret their juice in the s
36、tomach and gastrin, a hormone which makes the stomachs juice-secreting cells pour out more juices, into blood. The food is thus made to keep changing from big molecules to small ones.,In four or five hours, it enters the intestine, which will bring about a whole new set of cells secreting in intestine as well as in the liver and the pancreas. At this time the food has been broken down into molecules small enough to be sent by the cells of the intestine into the blood vessels.,Thank You !,
