1、肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆
2、袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃
3、蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈
4、羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂
5、螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆
6、羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀
7、袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅
8、蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿
9、羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆
10、螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀
11、羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄
12、袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿
13、蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃
14、袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇
15、螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄
16、羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈
17、袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃
18、虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇
19、袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁
20、螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆
21、羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂
22、螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇
23、蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁
24、袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅
25、蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀
26、羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄
27、蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈
28、肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅
29、袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿
30、蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂螈羆莁薅蚄羅薃莈肃羄芃蚄罿羃莅蒆袅羃蒈蚂螁羂膇蒅蚇肁芀蚀羆肀莂蒃袂聿蒄蚈袈肈芄蒁螄肇莆螇蚀肇葿薀羈肆膈螅袄肅芁薈螀膄莃螃蚆膃蒅薆羅膂膅荿羁膁莇薄袇膁葿蒇螃膀腿蚃虿腿芁蒆羇膈莄蚁袃芇蒆蒄蝿芆膆虿蚅芅芈蒂肄芅蒀蚈羀芄薃薀袆芃节螆螂衿莅蕿蚈袈蒇螄羆羈膇薇袂羇艿螂 DESIGN AND
31、EXECUTION OF GROUND INVESTIGATION FOR EARTHWORKS PAUL QUIGLEY, FGSIrish Geotechnical Services LtdABSTRACTThe design and execution of ground investigation works for earthwork projects has become increasingly important as the availability of suitable disposal areas becomes limited and costs of importi
32、ng engineering fill increase. An outline of ground investigation methods which can augment traditional investigation methods particularly for glacial till / boulder clay soils is presented. The issue of geotechnical certification is raised and recommendations outlined on its merits for incorporation
33、 with ground investigations and earthworks.1. INTRODUCTIONThe investigation and re-use evaluation of many Irish boulder clay soils presents difficulties for both the geotechnical engineer and the road design engineer. These glacial till or boulder clay soils are mainly of low plasticity and have par
34、ticle sizes ranging from clay to boulders. Most of our boulder clay soils contain varying proportions of sand, gravel, cobbles and boulders in a clay or silt matrix. The amount of fines governs their behaviour and the silt content makes it very weather susceptible.Moisture contents can be highly var
35、iable ranging from as low as 7% for the hard grey black Dublin boulder clay up to 20-25% for Midland, South-West and North-West light grey boulder clay deposits. The ability of boulder clay soils to take-in free water is well established and poor planning of earthworks often amplifies this.The fine
36、soil constituents are generally sensitive to small increases in moisture content which often lead to loss in strength and render the soils unsuitable for re-use as engineering fill. Many of our boulder clay soils (especially those with intermediate type silts and fine sand matrix) have been rejected
37、 at the selection stage, but good planning shows that they can in fact fulfil specification requirements in terms of compaction and strength.The selection process should aim to maximise the use of locally available soils and with careful evaluation it is possible to use or incorporate poor or margin
38、al soils within fill areas and embankments. Fill material needs to be placed at a moisture content such that it is neither too wet to be stable and trafficable or too dry to be properly compacted.High moisture content / low strength boulder clay soils can be suitable for use as fill in low height em
39、bankments (i.e. 2 to 2.5m) but not suitable for trafficking by earthwork plant without using a geotextile separator and granular fill capping layer. Hence, it is vital that the earthworks contractor fully understands the handling properties of the soils, as for many projects this is effectively gove
40、rned by the trafficability of earthmoving equipment.2. TRADITIONAL GROUND INVESTIGATION METHODS For road projects, a principal aim of the ground investigation is to classify the suitability of the soils in accordance with Table 6.1 from Series 600 of the NRA Specification for Road Works (SRW), March
41、 2000. The majority of current ground investigations for road works includes a combination of the following to give the required geotechnical data: Trial pits Cable percussion boreholes Dynamic probing Rotary core drilling In-situ testing (SPT, variable head permeability tests, geophysical etc.) Lab
42、oratory testingThe importance of phasing the fieldwork operations cannot be overstressed, particularly when assessing soil suitability from deep cut areas. Cable percussion boreholes are normally sunk to a desired depth or refusal with disturbed and undisturbed samples recovered at 1.00m intervals o
43、r change of strata.In many instances, cable percussion boring is unable to penetrate through very stiff, hard boulder clay soils due to cobble, boulder obstructions. Sample disturbance in boreholes should be prevented and loss of fines is common, invariably this leads to inaccurate classification.Tr
44、ial pits are considered more appropriate for recovering appropriate size samples and for observing the proportion of clasts to matrix and sizes of cobbles, boulders. Detailed and accurate field descriptions are therefore vital for cut areas and trial pits provide an opportunity to examine the soils
45、on a larger scale than boreholes. Trial pits also provide an insight on trench stability and to observe water ingress and its effects.A suitably experienced geotechnical engineer or engineering geologist should supervise the trial pitting works and recovery of samples. The characteristics of the soi
46、ls during trial pit excavation should be closely observed as this provides information on soil sensitivity, especially if water from granular zones migrates into the fine matrix material. Very often, the condition of soil on the sides of an excavation provides a more accurate assessment of its in-si
47、tu condition.3. SOIL CLASSIFICATIONSoil description and classification should be undertaken in accordance with BS 5930 (1999) and tested in accordance with BS 1377 (1990). The engineering description of a soil is based on its particle size grading, supplemented by plasticity for fine soils. For many
48、 of our glacial till, boulder clay soils (i.e. mixed soils) difficulties arise with descriptions and assessing engineering performance tests.As outlined previously, Irish boulder clays usually comprise highly variable proportions of sands, gravels and cobbles in a silt or clay matrix. Low plasticity
49、 soils with fines contents of around 10 to 15% often present the most difficulties. BS 5930 (1999) now recognises these difficulties in describing mixed soils the fine soil constituents which govern the engineering behaviour now takes priority over particle size.A key parameter (which is often underestimated) in classifying and understanding these soils is permeability (K). Inspection of the particle size gradings will indicate magnitude of permeability. Where possible, triaxial cell tests should be carried out on either undisturbed samples (U100s) or good quality cor
