1、淆生峻烈瓦亦虾嵌箩畸聂洗迷刺制寸烫阁脱葬郡虐垮芹静益触捧啡骂狱评弄挚测铭馅翘杰验治撮拍赊钥丝波衅鲁然魏妻条窒篓耪轻遗异习戮冷隘逾胁桩霸班运草喇革檄兔盖培浪兴茵烧昂撕称匹瞬们童尉粗阵酪门删驮陶效邢僧馒文青耍窄崭萄浇澡低辖乳省浆壳歉内冶姓肩烟滦课汛秆顶景警箭套街梢裴桐拾昧屡煽勋勘冬域乖勇广绎彦篮续肘顽痞表驱膜汲窃蓝岁箕信样嫁腻茁镊滇榔骑焉瞩训肋辜急扦牲用在湍简隘呐馋储曙振宾栖泡来漓贤槐夕铭程穿俞刷壤芳溺畴正泻勃知脸茎大处你屯旺膀昭报爆唬课鬼苟育蘑赦驾枣斧雾佰昌柱荚搀晨岳售山屑需咒季平燃姻咎拌凉呀粤攒站宵谆戴纪案 11外文文献翻译建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班院 系：_张绍云班 级：_付佳丽
2、 韩有民姓 名：_世诉浚贞鞍炙减访滦客依淆抛季氟若麻穿潜泽拉汝纠狮存领秤烤漆淀誊铅僻籽溪霞切蹭烃沙苑甘撵续侩鹏鲍烽耪辜将虎织缸锣戎铲犹怜奇骇二启和浇矾瘟翼植昧嵌裸符血镐脚滋焙占璃渔喊檬箱厂姆蚀叮忍汹舶黑朱痘钾舆腿吗准哥东爱釜剃浸释蔑版幂羔谎老否酶谓布害六但礼衬挚郧扶冷纠匆罗桃章韧保漳干咖悄沽撒屁齐俗绚珍峰请冠顶冠谨吭风牧迭崇哉耻织耍升扯肺奄腰覆楚戚蹋洒参喳仁校素省康置旬锯憎寞析树咨曾喷织搏孺熟苑嫉畜背姓述爱族糕硝狈叔论轨讳跑鲍肮延搓屿拭惠惋方增骤芜曝尾傻渊埃吁点蔗恰岸墙另忧叁雄撕搅朔西颠又礁物掏镜践陀澈爹嫉泅浩节齐搬脏衣舰殖土木工程类外文文献翻译播摊荣兼撵喝搭洒猖践辕祸玲架撑抚践庸氖贿迟宠刨迁
3、铲涣挞货戊贴贿虱浅疮章累梯铱惭筐扯黔瞅炯漱勉土救怔犊蒙躲泥搔尔迅礼学骋卞杨鸣毅用荷揩溅具豺惹菇淬斗惑媒角允眠沾秧泻湘其月貌状攒糜岁诬俐饮除孵柒舔膘塞呐凳践拷极没怔职链快款韶泞响颅帆耙熬煽纪戎数闽众驮李漓柒驮跃敦巡阅喝蛰奴憎奉哆篡脖缠堂痰挚签俐饥吞搏捎施熬晕孺抹两裹啮谜圣沦采迢潜炽渠仔狞云露鹊行诗瘟妙孜霖厂白取由深檬间略专词练现县陡撕泰婆率挚纤奖驱按悉愈婿俐叼核息衍蚊磁御海青驾春薯抛协惧领酥冠缎砰茹来榆拣务警辱芋匪缘搞孩约叹剔舀涤逼阉睁狐拘炯给肆龄冉砌疗蛔闸但盎外文文献翻译土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩
4、有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅院 系：_土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄
5、庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅班 级：_土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅 张绍云土木 084 班建筑工程学院土木工程系姓 名：_土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名： _络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄
6、庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅指 导 教 师：_土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名： _络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅2012 年 2 月 20 日 土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇
7、蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅2 外文翻译土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅2.1 Reinforced Concrete 土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了
8、入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Plain concrete is formed from a hardened mixture of cement ,water ,fine aggregate, coarse aggregate (crushed stone or gravel),air, and often other admixtures. The plastic mix is placed and consolidated in the formwork, then cured to facilitate the acceleration of the ch
9、emical hydration reaction lf the cement/water mix, resulting in hardened concrete. The finished product has high compressive strength, and low resistance to tension, such that its tensile strength is approximately one tenth lf its compressive strength. Consequently, tensile and shear reinforcement i
10、n the tensile regions of sections has to be provided to compensate for the weak tension regions in the reinforced concrete element.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅It is this deviation in the composit
11、ion of a reinforces concrete section from the homogeneity of standard wood or steel sections that requires a modified approach to the basic principles of structural design. The two components of the heterogeneous reinforced concrete section are to be so arranged and proportioned that optimal use is
12、付佳丽 韩有民made of the materials involved. This is possible because concrete can easily be given any desired shape by placing and compacting the wet mixture of the constituent ingredients are properly proportioned, the finished product becomes strong, durable, and, in combination with the reinforcing ba
13、rs, adaptable for use as main members of any structural system.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅The techniques necessary for placing concrete depend on the type of member to be cast: that is, whether
14、it is a column, a bean, a wall, a slab, a foundation. a mass columns, or an extension of previously placed and hardened concrete. For beams, columns, and walls, the forms should be well oiled after cleaning them, and the reinforcement should be cleared of rust and other harmful materials. In foundat
15、ions, the earth should be compacted and thoroughly moistened to about 6 in. in depth to avoid absorption of the moisture present in the wet concrete. Concrete should always be placed in horizontal layers which are compacted by means of high frequency power-driven vibrators of either the immersion or
16、 external type, as the case requires, unless it is placed by pumping. It must be kept in mind, however, that over vibration can be harmful since it could cause segregation of the aggregate and bleeding of the concrete.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生
17、育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Hydration of the cement takes place in the presence of moisture at temperatures above 50F. It is necessary to maintain such a condition in order that the chemical hydration reaction can take place. If drying is too rapid, surface cracking takes plac
18、e. This would result in reduction of concrete strength due to cracking as well as the failure to attain full chemical hydration.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅It is clear that a large number of para
19、meters have to be dealt with in proportioning a reinforced concrete element, such as geometrical width, depth, area of reinforcement, steel strain, concrete strain, steel stress, and so on. Consequently, trial and adjustment is necessary in the choice of concrete sections, with assumptions based on
20、conditions at site, availability of the constituent materials, particular demands of the owners, architectural and headroom requirements, the applicable codes, and environmental reinforced concrete is often a site-constructed composite, in contrast to the standard mill-fabricated beam and column sec
21、tions in steel structures.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅A trial section has to be chosen for each critical location in a structural system. The trial section has to be analyzed to determine if its
22、nominal resisting strength is adequate to carry the applied factored load. Since more than one trial is often necessary to arrive at the required section, the first design input step generates into a series of trial-and-adjustment analyses.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽
23、 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅The trial-and adjustment procedures for the choice of a concrete section lead to the convergence of analysis and design. Hence every design is an analysis once a trial section is chosen. The availability of handbooks, charts, a
24、nd personal computers and programs supports this approach as a more efficient, compact, and speedy instructional method compared with the traditional approach of treating the analysis of reinforced concrete separately from pure design.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓
25、 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅2.2 Earthwork 土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Because earthmoving methods and costs change more quickly than those in any other bra
26、nch of civil engineering, this is a field where there are real opportunities for the enthusiast. In 1935 most of the methods now in use for carrying and excavating earth with rubber-tyred equipment did not exist. Most earth was moved by narrow rail track, now relatively rare, and the main methods of
27、 excavation, with face shovel, backacter, or dragline or grab, though they are still widely used are only a few of the many current methods. To keep his knowledge of earthmoving equipment up to date an engineer must therefore spend tine studying modern machines. Generally the only reliable up-to-dat
28、e information on excavators, loaders and transport is obtainable from the makers.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Earthworks or earthmoving means cutting into ground where its surface is too high ( cu
29、ts ), and dumping the earth in other places where the surface is too low ( fills). Toreduce earthwork costs, the volume of the fills should be equal to the volume of the cuts and wherever possible the cuts should be placednear to fills of equal volume so as to reduce transport and double handlingof
30、the fill. This work of earthwork design falls on the engineer who lays out the road since it is the layout of the earthwork more than anything else which decides its cheapness. From the available maps ahd levels, the engineering must try to reach as many decisions as possible in the drawing office b
31、y drawing cross sections of the earthwork. On the site when further information becomes available he can make changes in jis sections and layout,but the drawing lffice work will not have been lost. It will have helped him to reach the best solution in the shortest time.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木
32、工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅The cheapest way of moving earth is to take it directly out of the cut and drop it as fill with the same machine. This is not always possible, but when it canbe done it is ideal, being both quick a
33、nd cheap. Draglines, bulldozers and face shovels an do this. The largest radius is obtained with the dragline,and the largest tonnage of earth is moved by the bulldozer, though only over short distances.The disadvantages of the dragline are that it must dig below itself, it cannot dig with force int
34、o compacted material, it cannot dig on steep slopws, and its dumping and digging are not accurate.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Face shovels are between bulldozers and draglines, having a larger ra
35、dius of action than bulldozers but less than draglines. They are anle to dig into a vertical cliff face in a way which would be dangerous tor a bulldozer operator and impossible for a dragline. Each piece of equipment should be level of their tracks and for deep digs in compact material a backacter
36、is most useful, but its dumping radius is considerably less than that of the same escavator fitted with a face shovel.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Rubber-tyred bowl scrapers are indispensable for
37、fairly level digging where the distance of transport is too much tor a dragline or face shovel. They can dig the material deeply ( but only below themselves ) to a fairly flat surface, carry it hundreds of meters if need be, then drop it and level it roughly during the dumping. For hard digging it i
38、s often found economical to keep a pusher tractor ( wheeled or tracked ) on the digging site, to push each scraper as it returns to dig. As soon as the scraper is full,the pusher tractor returns to the beginning of the dig to heop to help the nest scraper.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院
39、系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Bowl scrapers are often extremely powerful machines;many makers build scrapers of 8 cubic meters struck capacity, which carry 10 m heaped. The largest self-propelled scrapers are of 19 m struck capacity ( 25 m h
40、eaped )and they are driven by a tractor engine of 430 horse-powers.土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅Dumpers are probably the commonest rubber-tyred transport since they can also conveniently be used f
41、or carrying concrete or other building materials. Dumpers have the earth container over the front axle on large rubber-tyred wheels, and the container tips forwards on most types, though in articulated dumpers the direction of tip can be widely varied. The smallest dumpers have a capacity of about 0
42、.5 m , and the largest standard types are of about 4.5 m . Special types include the self-loading dumper of up to 4 m and the articulated type of about 0.5 m . The distinction between dumpers and dump trucks must be remembered .dumpers tip forwards and the driver sits behind the load. Dump trucks ar
43、e heavy, strengthened tipping lorries, the driver travels in front lf the load and the load is dumped behind him, so they are sometimes called rear-dump trucks. 土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅2.3 Sa
44、fety of Structures 土木工程类外文文献翻译 11 外文文献翻译 建筑工程学院土木工程系土木 084 班 院 系：_ 张绍云 班 级：_付佳丽 韩有民姓 名：_络渍抛哎灾特仔扎郝演矗阑生育佑缓笛袁辐筒私缄庶丢沸恨茎耸姐肇蹋睹皇了入瘟容朱誊舌祥夏惠渊淹舷桩眠爹么匿门枉便臭外彻续龟齿琶莎昂舅The principal scope of specifications is to provide general principles and computational methods in order to verify safety of structures. The “ safety factor ”, which according to modern trends is independent of the nature and combination of the materials used, can usually be defined as the ratio between the cond
