1、土木工程地质(双语)复习题一.填空1. Engineering geology is about applying all branches of the geosciences to assure the （safety）,（ efficiency）, and （economy of engineering ）and（ environ mental projects.） 1.工程地质是地质应用所有部门的保证(安全),(效率)和(工程经济)和(环境项目。)2. Physical properties of minerals include：（ Crystal form）、（ Hardness）
2、、（color）、（ Luster）、（Streak ）、（ cleavage）。 2.矿物的物理属性,包括:晶体形式),(硬度)、(颜色),(光泽),(条纹),(解理)。3. The classification of rock according to the cause of formation are (igneous rock）、（sedimentary rock）、（metamorphic rock）。 3.岩石的分类根据其成因是(火成岩),(沉积岩),(变质岩)。4. The physical properties of groundwater（temperature）、（col
3、or）、（taste）、（transparent）、（smell）、（radioactivity） 4.地下水的物理性质(温度)、(颜色),(味道),(透明),(气味),(放射性)5. Geological environment (geological condition) ：（the study about topography and landforms）、（the study about the fundamental engineering ）、（ properties of soils）、（ rock）、（geological structure）、（hydrogeology）。
4、5.地质环境(地质条件):(地形、地貌的研究)、(研究的基本工程)、(属性的土壤)、(岩)、(地质结构)、(水文地质)。6. relative dating methods:(strata superposition method)、（fossil succession method）、（the method of rock layers contact relation）。 6.相对年龄测定方法:(地层叠加法),(化石继承方法),该方法的岩层接触关系)。7. According to the Silica Content and Mineral Composition（Acid Igneou
5、s Rocks）、 （Intermediate Igneous Rocks）、 （Basic Igneous Rocks）。 7.根据硅含量和矿物成分(酸性火成岩),(中间火成岩),(基本火成岩)。8. the influencing factors of soils formation ：（parent material）、 （time）、（climate）、（atmospheric composition ）、（topography）、 （organisms）、 8.土壤形成的影响因素:(母质),(时间),(气候),(大气成分),(地形),(生物),9According to the me
6、dium of containing water （Karst water）、（Fracture water）、（Pore water）。 9.根据介质包含水(岩溶水),(裂缝水),(孔隙水)。10. The slope influence factor can be considered as the factors which have the contribution to the change of safety factor (K) ：（slope appearance ）、（rock and soils properties）、（structure）、 （water）、（earth
7、quakes）、（artificial factors）。 10.边坡的影响因素可以被视为的因素有贡献的改变安全系数(K):(坡外观),(岩石和土壤属性),(结构)、(水)、(地震),(人为因素)。11. the prevention method that the Karst cave must be treated with following methods：(filling with rock or concrete in cave)、（surmounting the cave）、（ pouring concrete or gravel with borehole）、（pile fou
8、ndation）。 11.预防方法的岩溶洞穴必须接受以下方法:(灌装与岩石或混凝土在洞穴),(超越洞穴),(浇注混凝土或砾石与钻孔),(桩基础)。12. classification of landslide : According to the difference of materials of sliding body (soil land sliding ) 、(rock land sliding) 、(special landslides) . 12.滑坡的分类:根据材料的不同的滑动体(土壤土地滑动),(岩石土地滑动),(特殊的滑坡)。13. The developing proce
9、ss of landslide:( 1 creep deformation stage)、(2 failure stag)、（3 stable stage）。 13.滑坡的发展过程:(1 蠕变变形阶段),(2 失败牡鹿),(3 稳定阶段)。14. The collapse is considered as a process of huge rock block rolling along mountain slop and stopping at the slope foot 14.崩溃的过程看作是一块巨大的岩石山污水和停止前进在坡脚二.名词解释1. Geological processes
10、: continually modify the Earths surface, destroy old rocks, create new rocks and add to the complexity of ground conditions. 1.地质过程:不断地改变地球的表面,摧毁旧的岩石,创建新的岩石和增加地面条件的复杂性。2. Weather: the Rock is destroyed at the place where it was formed because of the outer dynamics. 2.天气:岩石破坏的地方,这是由于外动力形成的。3. Metamor
11、phism: Because of the high pressure and or temperature, the rock is changed to a new kind of rock 3.变质作用:由于高的压力和温度,岩石或更改为一种新的岩石4. The eluvial soils are the direct products of weathering, they are formed in the place where their mother rocks are located. 4.残积土的风化的直接产品,它们形成于岩石的地方,他们的母亲都位于。5. The slope
12、 deposits are formed from erosion of surface flow along the mountain slope surface . 5.斜坡沉积形成的地表径流的侵蚀沿山坡面。6. Absolute dating methods are those that generate an age in years. 6.绝对年龄测定方法是那些产生的年。7. Relative dating methods use geological principles to place events in chronological order. 7.相对的测年方法，利用地质事
13、件的时间顺序原则。8. Faults are planar discontinuity surfaces along which there has been significant displacement in shear. 8.断层平面不连续面有明显位移的剪切。9. Groundwater: is that part of water which exits in the space of rocks, soil pore below ground surface. 9.地下水:是,部分水,出口在一个空间的岩石,土壤的孔隙低于地面。10. Phreatic water : is belo
14、w the ground surface, above the first impermeable layer, and has free water surface. 10.潜水:低于地面,上面第一个不透水层,有自由水面。11. Engineering geology is about applying all branches of the geosciences to assure the safety, efficiency, and economy of engineering and environ mental projects. 11.工程地质是地质应用所有部门的确保安全、效率
15、和经济的工程和环境工程。12outer-dynamics geological action： dynamic source is from the sun , gravity, attraction force between sun and moon. 12.外动力地质作用:动态源来自太阳、重力、太阳和月亮之间的吸引力。13Soils are porous natural materials composed of inorganic and organic matter, soils are the end product from weathering rocks. 13.土壤：多孔天
16、然材料组成的无机和有机物质,土壤是从风化到岩石的终端产物。14. Alluvial soils are the results of river geological action. 14.冲积土是河地质作用的结果。15. The unconformity mean there is a break in sedimentation, a period of erosion or an episode of deformation, 15.不整合意味着在休息一段时间的沉淀，侵蚀或变形的一个插曲，16. Folds result from the plastic deformation of r
17、ocks at low strain-rates, usually under elevated temperature and pressure conditions. 16.褶皱是岩石从塑性变形的，在低应变率,通常在高温和压力条件的结果。17. Joints are discontinuities on which there has been little or no displacement in shear 17.接头的不连续性上有很少或根本没有剪切位移18. Groundwater is that part of water which exits in the space of
18、rocks, soil pore below ground surface. 18.地下水是水资源的一部分,存在于空间的岩石,土壤的孔隙低于地面。19. landslide；The soil or rock body slide down along the fixed sliding surface on the action of gravity. 19.滑坡;土壤或岩石的身体滑下沿固定滑动表面的重力作用。20. Side erosion are caused by traverse circulation of river. The results of side erosion is
19、that river valley is broaden . 20.侧蚀以河流穿越环流引起的。侧向侵蚀的结果是，河谷开阔。21. river erosion :Which mean the damage to the river bed or river bank, the river erosion is the most active, vigorous factor to the change of topography. No river erosion, no complicated surface. 21.河流侵蚀:这意味着损害河床和河岸,河水侵蚀是最活跃的,有力的因素变化的地形。
20、没有河流侵蚀,没有复杂的表面。三。连线题relative unit weight(G) 土的结构类型 相对单位重量(克) unit weight 空隙度 单位重量 空隙度dry unit weight 饱和度 干容重 饱和度saturated unit weight 土的相对密度 饱和土单位重量 土的相对密度effective unit weight 土的有效重度 有效的单位重量 土的有效重度water content (w) 土的含水量 含水量(w) 土的含水量saturation degree 饱和重度 饱和度 饱和重度porosity(n) 孔隙比 孔隙度(n) 孔隙比relative
21、porosity(void ratio) 土的重度 相对孔隙度(孔隙比) 土的重度soils structure type 土的干重度 土壤结构类型 土的干重度四What are factors that contribute to increased shear stress? 四。有助于增加剪切应力的因素)Removal of lateral Support侧支架拆除Erosion by stream etc. 通过流等侵蚀Previous rock fall, subsidance, large scale faulting etc. 以前的崩塌，沉陷，大型活动等Work of huma
22、n agencies in which cuts, quarries, pits, canals etc. 人类的机构中工作的削减,采石场,坑、运河等等)Surcharge )附加费Rain, snow, water from spring 雨、雪、融水Accumulation of talus 积累的岩屑Collapse of accumulated volcanic material 崩塌的火山物质积累Vegetation 植被Seepage pressures of percolating water 渗流压力的渗透水五. the control (harness) of land sl
23、ipping 五。控制(利用)的土地滑动principle :first prevention second： harness 原理:首先预防第二:利用The controlling measure 控制措施1. Discharging water 1.排出水(surface water discharging ground water discharging) （表面排水地面排水）The combination of underground and surface discharging 结合地下和表面卸载2. the supporting structure 2。支撑结构3. anchor
24、ing bar(pin, rod) 3。锚定杆(销,杆)4 unloading and cutting 4卸载和切削五Effective factors of slope stability 边坡稳定性的五个影响因素Change in the slope gradient,Surplus loading,Shocks 没有明显的活断层(新构造运动) rock structure(joints, fault, karst) 岩石结构(关节、断层、岩溶) rock body is complete, high strength, hard 岩体是完整的、高强度、硬 No groundwater i
25、nfluence and terrestrial heat or harmful gas 没有地下水影响和地热或有害气体 topographysimple 地形简单(no landslide, collapse) (无滑坡、崩塌)2. The location of entrance 2。入口的位置1) the topography feature: 1)地形特点:the cavern should be located at place where slope angle is over 30 洞室应位于坡度超过 30的地方，2) the elevation of cavern entran
26、ce should be on the base of consideration of flood water level determination 2) 洞穴入口的标高应在洪水水位的确定考虑的基础3. the choosing of axle line (axis) 3。选择轴线(轴)1): Rock should not be weathered too much hard, no many cracks are developed. 1):岩不应该太硬,没有经受住许多裂缝发育2): the axis of tunnel should be vertical to the direction of geological structure 2):轴应垂直于隧道地质结构的方向
