1、选择经济的重要性状Selecting EconomicallyImportant Traits选择经济的重要性状John A1. Basarab, P.Ag., Ph.D.约翰. 巴沙若伯博士28 prod. traits; 16 variable costs; 4 fixed costs28个生产性状、16 可变成本、4 固定成本Putting In Perspective透视图Cost Production traits related to profit与利润有关性状的成本和生产肉牛业性状的相对价值Trenkle Braarwick Production Willham Melton N
2、icoTraits生产性状 19987 1994 1993_Reproduction繁殖 10 2 2 Growth Rate 生长率 2 1 1 Carcass Traits 胴体性状 1 1 1 Economically Important Traits经济的重要性状Reproductive performance繁殖性能Birth weight calving ease出生重和产犊容易Growth traits 生长性状Carcass traits 胴体性状Lifetime productivity终生生产率Feed efficiency饲料转化率Reproductive traitsA
3、. 繁殖性状Replacement Heifers:后备母牛Pregnancy check during 2ndtrimester and cull non pregnantFemales在第二个 3个月期间进行妊娠检查淘汰未妊娠母畜Select replacements from earlyeasy calvers 从早出生和产犊容易的牛中选择后备Bulls: undergo breeding soundness evaluation.公牛： 进行育种坚实度评估This includes a physical examination, scrotal circumference measur
4、ement semen evaluation 包括身体鉴定、阴囊围测量和精液评估Scrotal circumference阴囊围h2 = 0.43; measured at 365 days0.0307 cm/day age of damh?=0.43; 在 365天测量 0.0307cm/天和母畜年龄- highly correlated with total spermproduction sperm quality-与全部的精子生产和精子质量密切相关correlated (-) to age at first puberty-初情年龄Genetic correlation between
5、 yearling wt and pelvic area is 0.5周岁重量和骨盆腔面积之间的遗传相关是 0.5 Pelvic area骨盆腔面积Heritability = 0.58遗传率=0.58SD female =17 cm2SD males = 19 cm2标准差雌性= 17 cm2标准差雄性= 19 cm2B. Birth weightB.出生重Heritability (h2)= 0.40-0.45遗传率（ h?)=0.40-0.45within 24 hr of birth在 24小时内出生adjusted for age of dam within breed育种中调整母畜
6、年龄35.8 kg英国-英国小母牛第一次产犊时的犊牛出生重和难产之间的关系犊牛出生重C. Weaning yearling weightC.断奶和周岁重h2 = 0.3-0.4200 -d weight, 160-250 days of age200天重量，160-250 天龄365-d weight, 320-440 days of age356天重量，320-440 天龄adjusted for age of dam within breed育种中调整母畜年龄pre- and post weaning gain断奶前和后增重D. Carcass Traits:D.胴体性状Carcass w
7、eight胴体重量h2 = 0.35-0.45Indicator trait for total retail product全部零售产品的指标性状rg = 0.72 to total retailProductrg=0.72到全部零售产品Longissimus thoracis Area, cm2背最长胸面积。cm?Backfat thickness, mmrg= -0.74 to % retail product背镖厚度，mmrg=-0.74到零售产品%Marbling score大理石状花纹记分rg= 0.0 to backfat thicknessrg= 0.0到背膘厚度Degree
8、of Marbling大理石状程度Very abundant 1.0 11.00非常多Abundant 2.0 10.00多Moderately abundant 3.0 9.00中度多Slightly abundant 4.0 8.00稍多Moderate 5.0 7.00中Modest 6.0 6.00中下Small . 7.0 5.00小Slight . 8.0 4.00更少Trace 9.0 3.00微量Practically devoid 10.0 2.00几乎没有Devoid . 10.0 1.00没有Canada 加拿大 USA 美国PrimeAAAA首级 AAAAH. Choi
9、ce, AAAH. 上等，AAAChoice, AAAA。上等，AAAL. Choice, AAAL.上等，AAASelect, AA选择，AAStandard, A标准，AA 4.7%AA49.8%AAA44.6%AAAA.89%Canadian Grading of youthful cattle加拿大青年牛分等CAN 1=62.9%; CAN 2=28.8%; CAN 3=8.3%Aloka 500V Diagnostic Real-TimeUltrasoundAloka 500V诊断真正时间超健壮17 cm 3.5 Mhz linear array transducer; measur
10、es backfat thickness,loin eye area and marbling score17cm3.5Mhz直线数列转换器， 测量背膘厚度腰部眼肌面积和大理石状记分E. Lifetime ProductivityE. 终生生产率Production efficiency (PE) =kg of calf weaned per 100 kg cow weight per mating opportunity生产效率（PE）=每次交配机会每 100公斤母牛重量断奶犊牛公斤重Biological efficiency (BE) =kg of calf weaned per kg o
11、f dry matter intake per mating opportunity生物效率（BE）=每次交配机会每公斤干物质采食断奶犊牛公斤Economic efficiency (EE) = net profit per cow per year经济效率=每年每头母牛净利润9个品种的生物效率断奶犊牛克/干物质公斤/母牛干物质采食（公斤/母牛/年）品种 3,500 7,000_安格斯 39 17 布若维 33 42 夏洛来 27 45 盖伯维 29 36 当调整最大效率时品种间有海福特 30 13 34%的不同利木赞 33 42皮自嘎 38 44 Jenkins Ferrell无角红牛 47
12、 24 1994, JAS西门塔尔 26 42 72:2787 生物效率母牛和犊牛消耗的每公斤饲料断奶犊牛公斤wean wt.(gender adj.)断奶重（性调整）_Cow WT at 0.75 ? calf WT 0.75母牛体重 0.75 ? 犊牛体重 0.75 Weaning(BCS adj) + at weaning断奶（膘情评分调整） + 断奶时NEm is a function of weight, intake, environment, activity, BCS and biological type 维持净能是重量、采食、环境、活动、膘情评分和生物类型的功能让母牛适应环
13、境断奶时母牛的体重F. Feed Efficiency F. 饲料转化率70-75% of the total dietary energy cost of beef production is used for maintenance, including maintenance of the dam肉牛生产总采食饲料能量的70-75%用于维持，包括母畜的维持Maintenance energy requirements moderately to highly heritable (h2 = 0.22-0.71)维持能量需求适度高遗传(h? = 0.22-0.71)Feed to Gain
14、 ratio = gross feed efficiency饲料与增重比率=总饲料转化率Residual feed intake independent of growth size残留饲料采食-独立生长和大小Moderately heritable (h2 = 0.29-0.46)适度遗传(h? = 0.29-0.46)Measuring feed intake测量饲料采食Relationship between feed to gain ratio and net feed intake饲料、增重比和净饲料采食之间的关系As feed intake increases, feed effi
15、ciency decreases (FI vs RFI, r=.43, n=148, P=.0001)Note: NFI is adjusted for metabolic mid-point weight and ADG随着饲料采食增加，饲料效率下降（FI 对 RFI， r=.43, n=148, P=.0001）注意：净饲料采食（NFI）为代谢中点重量和 ADG调整Conclusion: 结论：Measure traits that are economically importantand moderately to highly heritable测量性能具有重要的经济性和缓解高遗传T
16、his may include scrotal circumference in bulls,and growth and carcass traits in male and femalemarket cattle.这些包括公牛的阴囊围、母畜和公畜的生长和胴体性状Feed efficiency is a labor intensive expensive trait to measure饲料转化率是测量劳力强度和支出Impact of calving difficulty: $46.5 million in Alberta, $88.7 million in Western Canada, $104.9 million in Canada and$1,012.5 million in the United States, or about $19-23/cow calving.
