1、many other precious cold water fish. Mineral resources, has proved many of the gold ore body, high grade, large reserves, reserves of more than 170 million tons of lignite, iron, vanadium and titanium magnetite reserves proven 6 million cubic meters, 40 million tons of quartz sand deposit reserves,
2、the rare. ) From the short plate, Woods continued industry weak, support is not strong, especially inadequate for processing, there are no resources to make good products, marketing is not enough, there are no good products sell for a good price. Livelihood weakness, my district is located in the bo
3、rder area, the climate is cold, for many years of the masses of workers have a hard life, and complete the building of forest societys weaknesses are mainly concentrated in the area of peoples livelihood, especially in terms of poverty, the task is still very arduous. From the perspective of short-t
4、erm capital, district financial situation at present tense, some financial debts to repay, is basically living money, no money for development, transformation “where did the money come from“ still outstanding. From the perspective of talent short Board, my talent shortage, low overall quality, irrat
5、ional structure, weak overseas talents into local serious brain-drain, especially high-end talents badly, has become the development of controlKey issues. If these short Board neither avoid nor overcome, not padded, transformation and development cannot be achieved in forest areas. Second, think cal
6、mly, calmly. A local economic development, strengths and weaknesses are dynamic and reciprocal transformation, there is no absolute advantages and disadvantages, advantages and disadvantages of nothing, as the time, place, and changes in external conditions, advantages could become disadvantages, di
7、sadvantages may also be to your advantage. For example, my good ecological environment, land development later, is the nations “most dare ring of green and organic food“, but these years are basically kind of traditional crops such as soybean, wheat, especially the heavy use of chemical fertilizers
8、and pesticides, the ecological advantages of agricultural development are being degraded. For example, ice and snow were our weaknesses, sought after now, with visitors to the snow and ice in the South, but the development of eco-tourism of gold and silver. For example, our region is located in the
9、border area, has been our weakness today as the country “along the way“, and “long Jiang Silk Road“ building farther forward, but is expected to be opened to the Russian frontier. (From XXs situation, while our railways, ports and other projects has not fought for, but with the “Mongolia-Russia econ
10、omic corridors“ 65 policy and steady growth benefits of further releases, provide opportunities for our projects, paving projects in the early County, in the “Thirteen-Five“ period will very likely get a specific implementation). Practice has proved that adversity is short or longshort and make up f
11、or long. Long and short, rational thought, keeping the force, we must deal with it calmly, neither keep advantages do not, missed opportunities, also faced short omissions, loss of confidence, we must correctly understand and handle the relationship between long and short, effective enhancement init
12、iative, to better promote the transformation and development. Three local conditions, homeopathy for. Foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, short swagger grams, yangchangbuduan, have in common is that swagger, and avoid, g, fill each have a logical relationship. We must adhere to local conditi
13、ons and homeopathy for, full compliance with the rule of law, market economy and the laws of nature, all time, place and conditions for the transfer, targeted precision application policy. US weaknesses, is to play to strengths and avoid weaknesses. Like, in industry development Shang, prefectural p
14、roposed development “six big industry“, the County District Council must to relies on resources advantage, find associate industry positioning, put local most has competition advantage, and most has development potential of industry first do up, never can tandaqiuquan, and blind follow, and make wit
15、h quality of competition, for those obviously not for local development of industry to strongly avoid, cannot Shang of project never can took Hard on my forehead. We talk about swagger g short was to build strengths to overcome weaknesses. For example, on the adjustment of agricultural planting stru
16、cture, I just a little, short frost-free period and low temperature, with traditionally grown soybeans, wheat and other crops in low yields, poor quality, there is no advantage, it difficult for farmers to achieve sustainable incomes. Only guide the peasants to do organic, high-end, really good kind
17、 of good products, cold region and black Glebe ecological advantages and advantages play out, my area of agricultural development in order to find a way. Us yangchangbuduan, is to have to swallow some of the effects of transformation and development of the short Board. (Specific to the XX, we seize
18、the Korean black railway into the province, “along the way“ implementation opportunities, promoting the construction of railway projects along the River, in the “Thirteen-Five“ plan promoting the project, under construction. Pay special attention to provincial highway XX to nenjiang road tender call
19、 to sophisticated shops, the national highway from Dandong to Altay XX to 18 stations and commuter airport renovation and expansion work, promote XX infrastructure in Hong Kong, planned opening water transport channel, and construct “land, water and air“ transportation networks). Homeopathy for as l
20、ong as we are in line with local conditions, in the play “long“ fuss, in addressing the “short“ work on weaknesses, short swagger grams, yangchangbuduan, will be able to achieve the development goals. Second, focus on economic construction as the Center, pushing forward forest transition XI General
21、Secretary易搞错的工程常识和设计现状一、专业界限在建筑工程领域，原先给排水（给水排水工程，核心是生活水处理供应） 、暖通（供热、通风、暖气与空调工程，核心是安装施工部分） 、动力（燃气与热能如锅炉工程，核心是市政部分） 、电气（电气与自动化工程，核心是城市电力供应）等四个本科专业笼统称为“建筑设备” 。由于多数民用建筑不涉及动力专业，以及实行注册工程师制度时，将给水排水、暖通空调、动力划归为公用设备工程的三个专业，所以有时“建筑设备”不包括电气。而专科专业则名目繁多，甚至有高校大专阶段开“建筑设备工程”专业。“工程”狭义只指需要施工的学科，比如盖房、修路、架桥、挖洞等；有时甚至只指装修
22、工程，比如“工程设计院”一般是只搞装修设计的设计院；“工程”广义指象建筑工程一样系统性很强的所有学科，比如电子工程，机械工程等。在“工程管理”中的“工程”按的是狭义概念，而“管理工程”中的“工程”按的是广义概念。目前美国只有近百个本科专业，俄罗斯只有七十多个，而我国原先有五百多个。几年前教育部合并为不到三百个本科专业，比如暖通和动力两专业合并为“建筑环境与设备工程” 。在教育部要求扩大学生专业面，和把时间留给学生的不断吆喝下，部分高校该专业甚至开了建筑给水排水工程 、 建筑电气等课程，而给排水专业也开了采暖与通风空调工程等课程。但开一门这样的专业课并不意味着暖通人就真懂建筑给排水，因为建筑给排
23、水的教师教材只是临时拼凑起来的，并且其基础课水泵与水泵站 、 水力学等等决不会开。所以近年有些暖通专业毕业生声称既懂给排水也懂电气，而许多年长的暖通工程师则不懂锅炉房和燃气设计，更不用说建筑给排水和消防了。由于建筑设计市场太大，并且衔接不便，国家不得不把五、六级（尤其六级）人防由人防资质、小区室外给排水由市政资质、小区中水处理由环保资质等划给建筑设计院的建筑资质，其他行业的也不用多说了，而这些内容自然而然就是建筑设计院的弱项。二、专业称谓暖通在南方除了部分山区之外，没有采暖设计参数，所以专业名字有多种称谓。一般叫暖通，简写为“暖” ，代号为”N” ；也有的叫空调，简写为“空” ，代号为”K”
24、；还有认为，单纯通风简写为“风” ，代号为“F ；通风空调则简写为“通” ，代号为“T” ；也有人把它和给排水合叫做设备工程，简写为“设” ，代号为“” ；甚至有把它单独简写为“设”的。这些说法各有来历，也都能说的过去。以北京市建筑设计院为代表的北方某些设计院，采取水暖专业一体的做法，曾建议注册暖通工程师涵盖给排水和动力专业，终因理屈词穷而作罢。在这后面令人尴尬的原因是，给排水的极高和暖通的极低就业率，虽然暖通主要学习的是安装施工的内容，但施工单位对大学生缺乏吸引力，这两个专业就业的主要途径都是建筑设计单位。大家认为水暖不分家，偏偏教育部规定给排水的相近学科只有环境工程一个，给排水和暖通并非相
25、近专业。个人认为大学本科专业的设置最终会和科研远离，而发展到与市场一致，建筑水暖动电会最many other precious cold water fish. Mineral resources, has proved many of the gold ore body, high grade, large reserves, reserves of more than 170 million tons of lignite, iron, vanadium and titanium magnetite reserves proven 6 million cubic meters, 40 mi
26、llion tons of quartz sand deposit reserves, the rare. ) From the short plate, Woods continued industry weak, support is not strong, especially inadequate for processing, there are no resources to make good products, marketing is not enough, there are no good products sell for a good price. Livelihoo
27、d weakness, my district is located in the border area, the climate is cold, for many years of the masses of workers have a hard life, and complete the building of forest societys weaknesses are mainly concentrated in the area of peoples livelihood, especially in terms of poverty, the task is still v
28、ery arduous. From the perspective of short-term capital, district financial situation at present tense, some financial debts to repay, is basically living money, no money for development, transformation “where did the money come from“ still outstanding. From the perspective of talent short Board, my
29、 talent shortage, low overall quality, irrational structure, weak overseas talents into local serious brain-drain, especially high-end talents badly, has become the development of controlKey issues. If these short Board neither avoid nor overcome, not padded, transformation and development cannot be
30、 achieved in forest areas. Second, think calmly, calmly. A local economic development, strengths and weaknesses are dynamic and reciprocal transformation, there is no absolute advantages and disadvantages, advantages and disadvantages of nothing, as the time, place, and changes in external condition
31、s, advantages could become disadvantages, disadvantages may also be to your advantage. For example, my good ecological environment, land development later, is the nations “most dare ring of green and organic food“, but these years are basically kind of traditional crops such as soybean, wheat, espec
32、ially the heavy use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, the ecological advantages of agricultural development are being degraded. For example, ice and snow were our weaknesses, sought after now, with visitors to the snow and ice in the South, but the development of eco-tourism of gold and silver
33、. For example, our region is located in the border area, has been our weakness today as the country “along the way“, and “long Jiang Silk Road“ building farther forward, but is expected to be opened to the Russian frontier. (From XXs situation, while our railways, ports and other projects has not fo
34、ught for, but with the “Mongolia-Russia economic corridors“ 65 policy and steady growth benefits of further releases, provide opportunities for our projects, paving projects in the early County, in the “Thirteen-Five“ period will very likely get a specific implementation). Practice has proved that a
35、dversity is short or longshort and make up for long. Long and short, rational thought, keeping the force, we must deal with it calmly, neither keep advantages do not, missed opportunities, also faced short omissions, loss of confidence, we must correctly understand and handle the relationship betwee
36、n long and short, effective enhancement initiative, to better promote the transformation and development. Three local conditions, homeopathy for. Foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses, short swagger grams, yangchangbuduan, have in common is that swagger, and avoid, g, fill each have a logical r
37、elationship. We must adhere to local conditions and homeopathy for, full compliance with the rule of law, market economy and the laws of nature, all time, place and conditions for the transfer, targeted precision application policy. US weaknesses, is to play to strengths and avoid weaknesses. Like,
38、in industry development Shang, prefectural proposed development “six big industry“, the County District Council must to relies on resources advantage, find associate industry positioning, put local most has competition advantage, and most has development potential of industry first do up, never can
39、tandaqiuquan, and blind follow, and make with quality of competition, for those obviously not for local development of industry to strongly avoid, cannot Shang of project never can took Hard on my forehead. We talk about swagger g short was to build strengths to overcome weaknesses. For example, on
40、the adjustment of agricultural planting structure, I just a little, short frost-free period and low temperature, with traditionally grown soybeans, wheat and other crops in low yields, poor quality, there is no advantage, it difficult for farmers to achieve sustainable incomes. Only guide the peasan
41、ts to do organic, high-end, really good kind of good products, cold region and black Glebe ecological advantages and advantages play out, my area of agricultural development in order to find a way. Us yangchangbuduan, is to have to swallow some of the effects of transformation and development of the
42、 short Board. (Specific to the XX, we seize the Korean black railway into the province, “along the way“ implementation opportunities, promoting the construction of railway projects along the River, in the “Thirteen-Five“ plan promoting the project, under construction. Pay special attention to provin
43、cial highway XX to nenjiang road tender call to sophisticated shops, the national highway from Dandong to Altay XX to 18 stations and commuter airport renovation and expansion work, promote XX infrastructure in Hong Kong, planned opening water transport channel, and construct “land, water and air“ t
44、ransportation networks). Homeopathy for as long as we are in line with local conditions, in the play “long“ fuss, in addressing the “short“ work on weaknesses, short swagger grams, yangchangbuduan, will be able to achieve the development goals. Second, focus on economic construction as the Center, p
45、ushing forward forest transition XI General Secretary终成为一个本科专业，以减少建筑设计中明显的扯皮、内耗和浪费，不少大设计院为避免这一点，对容易产生矛盾的给排水专业和暖通专业，已经实行了水暖一体。现在丙级设计院一般没有暖通和动力专业，并且水电一体。由于从业人员比建筑、结构少得多，且不是龙头专业，水、暖、电的劳动定额明显过少，与事实严重不符，但它与建筑、结构的工作量还是不可比拟的。水、暖、电的内容系统性很强，结构的内容准确性很强，而建筑师严格来讲不是工程师，尤其是做建筑方案的建筑师。建筑方案甚至与工程是对立的两类人，因为它需要的是想象与独特，
46、而工程需要的是务实和规范。而设计所的老板要么是外行（或老板亲戚管事） ，要么是建筑方案师，这就要求他们突破定势思维，虽然这相当困难。三、劳动定额的作用虽然劳动定额受到多方批评，但它仍然是确定各设计阶段、周期、工期、时间、各专业工比、设计取费、劳动量等的指导性文件。由于确定各专业工比涉及面太大，是招所有业内人士痛骂的事情，几乎没有一个人认为本专业所做的事情比规定的比例小，所以调整的次数很少且幅度很小。最近一次国家调整主要是由于结构软件的出现，大大减小了工作量，建筑与结构两专业作了有限的彼此消长而已。由于手工制图时代，电气专业图纸众多且劳动量大。但是电脑制图时代，其工作量已远小于给排水，在绝大多数
47、设计院，给排水专业相对人数多并且忙。所以个别大设计院，对给排水专业给了一定工比照顾，但顶多与电气持平。再说现在的设计市场也非常不规范，除了政府项目，多数设计单位的设计费比国家规定低的离谱，设计的深度也比国标差得离谱。劳动定额普遍受到大设计院的尊重，但大设计院的人毕竟是少数，多数内行人不知道有这个东西，更不知道这东西是干什么用的，至于去运用则更不用说。并且由于小设计院的人相当多没有学习能力和自学习惯，更没有大设计院的学术氛围，所以许多很重要的行规并不了解。小设计院领导会说，我对这些东西并不了解，不还是这样过来了么？在不规则的设计市场下，劳动定额显得有点守旧，并且无法发挥应有的作用。四、给排水与消
48、防给排水是一个典型的交叉学科，是专业合并时的重点保护对象，理科中数学、物理、化学、生物、天文、地理等几乎所有课程都是它的基础，土建大类中的任何一个专业如城市规划、建筑、结构、环境、力学、暖通、动力等都与它相关，所以大学里把给排水专业真正学好是不容易的。这是因为给排水包括建筑给排水、市政给排水、环保给排水这三个相互联系并不紧密的专业方向决定的。大设计院设备招工，一般电气专业三年经验就可胜任，而给排水则非要五年不可，因为给排水专业的强规较多并且变态（诸如室外水表要放在水表井里等根本不好执行） 。同样因为给排水专业不少人犯贱自作孽，在该注意的地方不注意，在不该注意的地方非常细心，把施工技术员的活给包
49、揽了不少，施工单位的人认为这图不错。所有给排水不用软件画图的人就是这种类型：因为诸如规范要求的喷淋不准估算等，不用软件一个车库至少要逐点算两周，而many other precious cold water fish. Mineral resources, has proved many of the gold ore body, high grade, large reserves, reserves of more than 170 million tons of lignite, iron, vanadium and titanium magnetite reserves proven 6 million cubic meters, 40 million tons of quartz sand deposit reserves, the rare. ) From the short plate, Woods continued industry weak, support is not strong, especially inadequate for processing, there are no resources to make good products, marketing is not enough, there are
