1、made by Paul Zemecnik and his lab who developed cell-free systems, first with rat liver and later using the bacterium E. coli. This allowed the study of translation in the test tube and he and other scientists used these systems to discover the important molecules involved in the process. An intense
2、 effort to describe these molecular events then ensued. The first light came when Crick, Sydney Brenner and colleagues proposed the existence of transfer RNA (tRNA), a molecule that helps to create amino acid polymers based on nucleic acid sequence. Another critical player in the processing of infor
3、mation was revealed when Brenner, Francois Jacob and Matthew Meselson discovered that translation of genetic material into protein takes place on the ribosome and that the molecule being translated at the ribosome is RNA, not DNA. The next mystery was solved by Marshal Niremberg and J. H. Matthaei w
4、hen they developed methods to decipher the genetic code that dictates the correspondence of nucleic acids to amino acids. After the stunningly productive decade of the 1960s, the nature of the framework for the conversion of the genetic information into proteins was now understood and the basic mech
5、anism has since been shown to be conserved across all biology.Work on microbes paves the way to taking control of the genome(:79B*OJQJJo(ph#hCB*CJOJQJJaJphP; ;IJKBBEEFFxKKNnZSS)h-6B*CJOJQJJaJphhMh-,hYh79B*CJOJQJJaJo(ph&h79B*CJOJQJJaJo(phhOZCJOJQJaJo(hOZhOZCJOJQJaJ&hOZB*CJOJQJJaJo(ph#h79B*CJOJQJJaJphhpOJQJo(
