1、The Southern Renaissance & William Faulkner,American southern literature can date back to Edgar Allen Poe, and reach its summit with the appearance of the two “giants” Faulkner and Wolfe. There are southern women writers Katherine Anne Porter凯瑟琳.安.波特 , Eudora Welty尤朵拉韦尔蒂 , and Flannery OConnor弗兰纳里奥康
2、诺 .,The Southern Renaissance I. Heritage,Features of Southern literature prior to this renaissance - focus on historical romances about the “Lost Cause“ of the Confederate States of America. - glorified the heroism of the Confederate army and civilian population during the Civil War and the supposed
3、ly “idyllic culture“ that existed in the South before the war (known as the Antebellum South).,The Southern Renaissance was the reinvigoration of American Southern literature that began in the 1920s and 1930s with the appearance of writers such as William Faulkner, Wolfe, Tennessee Williams, etc.,Th
4、ree major themes in Southern Renaissance - the burden of history in a place where many people still remembered slavery,reconstruction, and a devastating military defeat. - focus on the Souths conservative culture, specifically on how an individual could exist without losing a sense of identity in a
5、region where family, religion, and community were more highly valued than ones personal and social life.- the Souths troubled history in regards to racial issues.,The Southern Renaissance,The Southern Renaissance is featured in its unique feeling of guilt, failure and poverty as well. Southern Myths
6、 a. Chevalier heritage(骑士精神的传承)b. Agrarian virtue（土地的价值）c. Plantation aristocracy （种植园主）d. Lost cause （注定要失败的势力）e. White supremacy （白人至上）f. Purity of womanhood （女人的纯洁）,William Faulkner,-One of the greatest writer in 20th century -initiator of Southern Renaissance -one of the most influential moderni
7、st novel writers in the west,William Faulkner (1897-1962),William Faulkner was born on September 25, 1897 and began to write poetry as a teenager. During World War I, he joined the Canadian Royal Flying Corps but never fought; the day he graduated from the Flying Corps, the Armistice was signed. The
8、 only war injury he received was the result of getting drunk and partying too hard on Armistice Day, wherein he injured his leg.,Faulkner in Hollywood,In the university of Virginia campus,William Faulkner: Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech - I feel that this award was not made to me as a man, but to my
9、work - a lifes work in the agony and sweat of the human spirit, not for glory and least of all for profit, but to create out of the materials of the human spirit something which did not exist before. -我感觉，这个奖不是授予我这个人，而是授予我的工作，它是对我呕心沥血、毕生从事的人类精神探索的工作的肯定。我的这项工作不为名，更不图利，而是要从人类精神的原始素材里创造出前所未有的东西。,three
10、stages (1) 19241929: training as a writer The Marble Faun 大理石雕像 Soldiers Pay 士兵的报酬 Mosquitoes蚊群 (2) 19291936: most productive and prolific period Sartoris 萨托里斯 The Sound and the Fury 喧哗与骚动 As I Lay Dying 在我弥留之际 Light in August 八月之光 Absalom, Absalom 押沙龙，押沙龙！,literary career:,Faulkners most celebrated
11、 novels,The Sound and the Fury (1929),书名的典故出自莎士比亚悲剧麦克白第5幕第5场麦克白的有名台词：“人生如痴人说梦，充满着喧哗与骚动，却没有任何意义。” 多角度的叙述方法“意识流”手法“神话模式”手法,(3) 1940end: won recognition in America Go Down, Moses 去吧，摩西,His Short story collection,These 13 (1931), 这十三篇includes many of his most acclaimed (and most frequently anthologized)
12、 stories, including “A Rose for Emily,“ “Red Leaves,“ “That Evening Sun,“ and “Dry September.“献给爱米丽的玫瑰、红叶、夕阳和干燥的九月,Yoknapatawpha 约克纳帕塔法,Yoknapatawpha County: - A county in northern Mississippi, the setting for most of William Faulkners novels and short stories, and patterned upon Faulkners actual ho
13、me in Lafayette County, Mississippi.,“约克纳帕塔法世系”,这个“世系”以美国南方几个庄园主世家的荣辱兴衰为主线，表现了一个世纪以来美国南方社会的历史命运、社会变迁以及各阶层人物的起伏沉浮，写出了美国南方地区的典型特征，具有浓厚的乡土气息。,Major Themes of his Works,1. history and race He explains the present by examining the past, by telling the stories of several generations of family to show how
14、history changes life. He was interested in the relationship between blacks and whites, especially concerned about the problems of the people who were of the mixed race of black and white, unacceptable to both races. 2. Deterioration 3. Conflicts between generations, classes, races, man and environme
15、nt 4. Horror, violence and the abnormal,虽然福克纳的世界观从本质上说是传统保守的，他在形式与技巧上的创新都是令人兴奋的。他大胆和不倦地探索，而且在绝大多数的情况下都取得了成功。多样性与丰富性是他的特点。他是一个有独创性的人。在美国文学中能和他比肩的还没有第二个人。,Features of His Works,Invention and experimentation in form and narrative technique,A man with great might of invention and experimentation. Novel
16、as an art form ; evolved his own literary strategies . Primary duty :explore and represent the infinite possibilities inherent in human life. Writer should observe with no judgment whatsoever and reduce authorial intrusion to the lowest minimum.,Narrative techniques,Never step between the characters
17、 and the reader to explain, but let the characters explain themselves and hinder as little as possible the readers direct experience of the work of art. The most characteristic way of structuring his stories is to fragment the chronological time. Juxtapose the past with the present.,Narrative techni
18、ques,stream-of-consciousness technique: to emphasize the reactions and inner musings of the narrator. the interior monologue: to explore the nature of human consciousness presenting multiple points of view , gave the story a circular form , one event is centered, with various points of view radiatin
19、g from it, or different people responding to the same story. symbolism and mythological andbiblical allusion,Features of His Works,a. complex plotb. stream of consciousnessc. characterization: he was able to probe into the psychology of charactersd. violation of chronologye. formal languagef. multip
20、le point of view, circular form,Achievements,Winner of the 1950 Nobel Prize a National Book Award (posthumously) for his Collected Stories awarded the Howells Medal, two Pulitzer Prize, a Silver Medal of the Athens Academy regarded as an important interpreter of the universal theme of “the problems
21、of the human heart in conflict with itself“ experimented in the use of stream-of-consciousness technique and in the dislocation of narrative time.,The Sound and the Fury was published in 1929. Many critics and even Faulkner himself think that it is the best novel that he wrote. Its subject is the do
22、wnfall of the Compson family, the offspring of the pioneer Jason Lycurgus Compson.,The Sound and the Fury,Plot: 小说的故事发生在杰弗生镇上的康普生家。这是一个曾经显赫一时的望族，祖上出过一位州长、一位将军。家中原来广有田地，黑奴成群，如今只剩下一幢破败的宅子，黑佣人也只剩下老婆婆迪尔西和她的小外孙勒斯特了。一家之长康普生先生是一九一二年病逝的。他在世时算是一个律师，但从不见他接洽业务，他整天醉醺醺，唠唠叨叨地发些愤世嫉俗的空论，把悲观的情绪传染给大儿子昆丁。康普生太太自私冷酷，无病呻
23、吟，总感到自己受气吃亏，实际上是她在拖累、折磨全家人。她时时不忘南方大家闰秀的身分，以致她仅仅成了一种“身分”的化身，而完全不具有作为母亲与妻子应有的温情。家中没有一个人能从她那里得到爱与温暖。女儿凯蒂可以说是全书的中心，虽然没有以她的观点为中心的单独的一章，但书中一切人物的所作所为都与她息息相关。物极必反，从古板高傲、规矩极多的旧世家里偏偏会出现浪荡的子女。,凯蒂从“南方淑女”的规约下冲出来，走过了头，成了一个轻佻放荡的女子。她与男子幽会，有了身孕，不得不与另一男子结婚。婚后丈夫发现隐情，抛弃了她。她只得把私生女（也叫昆丁）寄养在母亲家，自己到大城市去闯荡。哥哥昆丁和凯蒂儿时感情很好、作为没
24、落的庄园主阶级的最后一代的代表者，一种没落感始终追随着昆丁。 他极其骄傲，极其敏感，却又极其孱弱（精神上、肉体上都是如此）。他偏偏又过分重视妹妹的贞操，把它与门第的荣誉甚至自己生与死的问题联系在一起。凯蒂的遭遇一下子使他失去了精神平衡。就在妹妹结婚一个多月后，他投河自尽了。对昆丁来说，“未来”是看不见的，“现在”则是模糊不清的一片混饨，只有“过去”才是真实清晰的。昆丁本也想与妹妹“一起进地狱”，因为只有这样才可以与蔑视、鄙视他们的世界隔绝开来。这一点既然办不到，他只得采用结束自己生命的办法，免得自己看到事态朝他不喜欢的方向发展。表面上他是为妹妹而死，实际上则是为家庭的没有前途而亡。,这部小说以
25、美国南方没落庄园主康普生一家人的经历为主线，写出了存在于他们中间的混乱思想、沉沦道德。老康普生游手好闲、恋酒贪杯、而他的妻子则冷酷无情。长子昆丁是个守旧者；妹妹凯蒂风流成性；次子杰森冷酷贪婪；三子班吉是个白痴。故事通过老康普生一家人的内心独白，围绕着凯蒂的堕落展开情节，最后则以黑人女佣迪尔西的话总结全书：“如果你还算是人的话，你也只是个冷酷无情的人，杰森！”,Character List: Jason Compson III - The head of the Compson household until his death from alcoholism in 1912. Mr. Comp
26、son is the father of Quentin, Caddy, Jason IV, and Benjy, and the husband of Caroline. Caroline Compson - The self-pitying and self-absorbed wife of Mr. Compson and mother of the four Compson children. Carolines hypochondria（忧郁症）preoccupies her and contributes to her inability to care properly for h
27、er children.,Quentin Compson - The oldest of the Compson children and the narrator of the novels second chapter. A sensitive and intelligent boy, Quentin is preoccupied with his love for his sister Caddy and his notion of the Compson familys honor. He commits suicide by drowning himself just before
28、the end of his first year at Harvard. Caddy Compson - The second oldest of the Compson children and the only daughter. Actually named Candace, Caddy is very close to her brother Quentin. She becomes promiscuous, gets pregnant out of wedlock, and eventually marries and divorces Herbert Head in 1910.,
29、Jason Compson IV - The second youngest of the Compson children and the narrator of the novels third chapter. Jason is mean-spirited, petty, and very cynical. Benjy Compson - The youngest of the Compson children and narrator of the novels first chapter. Born Maury Compson, his name is changed to Benj
30、amin in 1900, when he is discovered to be severely mentally retarded.,Narrative: stream of consciousnessThe first three chapters of the novel consist of the convoluted thoughts, voices, and memories of the three Compson brothers, captured on three different days. - Benjy, a severely retarded thirty-
31、three-year-old man, speaking in April, 1928;- Quentin, a young Harvard student, speaking in June, 1910;,- and Jason, a bitter farm-supply store worker, speaking again in April, 1928. - Faulkner tells the fourth chapter in his own narrative voice, but focuses on Dilsey, the Compson familys devoted “N
32、egro” cook who has played a great part in raising the children.,Brief analysis （1） It is a story of deterioration. （2）the novel depicts a “tragedy,” the decline of the Compson family. （3）much of the novel is told in a stream-of- consciousness style, in which a characters unadorned thoughts are conve
33、yed in a manner roughly equivalent to the way our minds actually work.,Brief analysis （4）Themes that critics continuously note in the novel are order, honor, sin, history and race （5）nearly all critics consider it a technical masterpiece for the way Faulkner incorporates four distinct narrative mode
34、s in telling the story of a little girl with muddy drawers.,Faulkners style A. stream of consciousness of human nature B. Multiple narrators C. Time bend without linear chronological time sequence - best medium into the exploration - ensure the maximum revelation of human possibilities. D. “anti-her
35、o”: weak, vulnerable (true people in modern society) He has a group of women writers following him, including OConnor and Eudora Welty.,A Rose for Emily (1930),A Rose for Emily (1930),published in April of 1930 became a Film in 1982 film only last 27 minutes explores many themes such as: society of
36、the South, roles of women in the South, and extreme psychosis disorders wrote in first-person plural point of view non-chronological ordering of episodes,Set in the town of Jefferson in Yoknapatawpha, the story focuses on Emily Grierson, an eccentric spinster who refuses to accept the passage of tim
37、e, or the inevitable change and loss that accompanies it, whose death and funeral drew the attention of the entire town. The unnamed narrator (identified as “the town”) in a seemingly haphazard manner relates key moments in Emilys life, including the death of her father and a brief fling with a Yank
38、ee road paver.,Brief Introduction,Brief Introduction,Beyond the literal level of Emilys narrative, the story is sometimes regarded as symbolic of the changes in the South during the representative period. Simple as it is in plot, the story is pregnant with meaning. As a descendent if the Southern ar
39、istocracy, Emily is typical of those in Faulkners Yolnapatwpha stories who are the symbols of the Old South but the prisoners of the past. In this story, Faulkner makes best use of the Gothic devices in narration, and, the deformed personality and abnormality Emily demonstrates in her relationship w
40、ith her sweetheart is dramatized in such a way that we feel shocked and thrilled as we read along.,About the text,“A Rose for Emily” is one of Faulkners most widely read in the American classroom.Chinese students may find it difficult to understand and appreciate. Some of them may think it is a biza
41、rre story about an old eccentric lady in an American Southern town. It is true that the setting of the story is the American South. Yet, the theme of the story is universal, transcending the boundaries of time and space. Like many other works of great literature, this short story tells about love, d
42、eath, honor, pride, change, and loss.,The story is set in the southern town of Jefferson in Yoknapatawpha Country which is also the setting for a dozen of his novels. Emily Grierson, the protagonist, has been twisted in personality by forces beyond her control. Dominated by her aristocratic father,
43、she has been prevented from marrying and after his death she is left alone and penniless. She kills her lover Homer Barron in order to keep him with her. She does not accept change of the time and alienates herself from the community. She is insane and her actions grotesque, but she is a victim, a t
44、ragic woman who invites sympathy. One of the themes of this story is the relation of the individual and his actions to the past, present and future. Apart from the exploration of psychological reality, the displaced chronology in narration is also characteristic of Faulkners style.,The Meaning of th
45、e Title,The meaning of the title is ambiguous, capable of various interpretations. A rose is a clich, symbolizing love and a pledge of faithfulness. From the story we can see Miss Emily was denied love. So, in this sense, the title has an ironic meaning. A rose for somebody can also mean a kind of m
46、emorial, an offering, in memory of somebody.,Rose,整篇小说不见一朵玫瑰，只见被岁月腐蚀的玫瑰色。“败了色的玫瑰色窗帘，玫瑰色的灯罩”败了色的玫瑰色，是变异的玫瑰色，是扭曲的情欲的颜色。这惨不忍睹的颜色，年长日久地藏在一个变态女贵族艾米莉的婚房里。艾米莉毒死了她爱的何默，因何默不肯与她结婚。数十年里，死掉的何默，整个肉体皆献给了她。一朵腐朽的死玫瑰，恒久的盛放在艾米莉生活的老屋里，散发出臭气熏天的被扭曲的情欲气味。,Detailed Study of the Text,1. When she got to be thirty and was st
47、ill single, people in the town were not happy about such a outcome, but it did confirm their predictionsMiss Emily was still single because the Griersons held themselves too high for what they really were, and all the young men who had come to court Miss Emily had been driven away by the father. The
48、y knew that even though there was insanity in the family, Miss Emily wouldnt have turned down all of her chances if they had really existed.因此当她年近三十，尚未婚配时，我们实在高兴不起来，只是觉得先前的看法得到了证实。即使她家有着疯癫病史，如果真有机会摆在她面前，她也不至于全然放过。,2. Without her fathers over-protection and without much money, she had become a common
49、 person like the other townspeople. Ordinary people often become excited or worried when they get a penny more or a penny less. Being poor, now Miss Emily would learn to appreciate the value of money like other people in the town. 单身独处，贫苦无告，她变得通人性了。如今她也懂人之常情，也会多一便士就激动喜悦、少一便士就痛苦失望。,Detailed Study of
50、the Text,3. Now Miss Emily no longer went out. From time to time the townspeople would see her in one of the downstairs windows.She had evidently shut the top floor of thehouse. Sitting in the window, Miss Emilylooked like the carved torso of an idol for worship placed in a niche. Whether she was looking at us or not we could not tell and it was not important because she hadceased to be a real human being, but had completely become a sort of monument,symbol of a tradition and hereditary obligation.不时地，我们在楼底下的一个窗口能见到她的身影，她显然是把楼上封闭起来了。她的身影就像神龛中的雕刻的一尊偶像的躯体，我们说不上她是不是在看着我们。,
