1、电脑入门第 1章 初识计算机This article is contributed by zhu shiboDoc documents may have a poor browsing experience at the WAP end. It is recommended that you choose TXT, or download the source file to the native view.ChapteroneThe first computerhighlightsThe computer system of computer computer system is compo
2、sed of the computer specialized terms of the unit computerComputer easy to learn - computer 101 knows computersComputers are the greatest inventions of the 20th century. It affects all aspects of human life.1.1.1 what is a computerThe worlds first Computer developed by the university of Pennsylvania
3、 in 1946, named ENIAC (Elcetronical Numerical Integrator and Computer), meaning “electronic and Computer Numerical integration“. At the time, electronic computers were developed mainly for military purposes. With the development of The Times, computers have become more and more popular in every fiel
4、d of life. The electronic computer is a kind of highly automated and can perform a quick operation and logic of advanced electronic equipment, are used for data, text, images, and voice information, such as an effective tool for storage, processing and processing. Figure 1-1 shows a machine diagram
5、for a home computer.FIG. 1-1What can a computer doComputer commonly known as the computer, meaning it has functions like the human brains thinking, but in fact there is a big difference in the computer and the brain, a computer is not the same as the human brain, it must be under the condition of th
6、e connected power supply, will carry out the people programmed beforehand and itself does not have the thought ability, can only in accordance with the instructions to finish the work. With the continuous development of computer technology, its ability is becoming more and more strong, government de
7、partments, factories mines, press and publication, and even home court life, various industries, all levels of staff in the use of computer to get the job done. The main purpose of the computer is the following categories. The primary purpose of numerical computing is to complete the calculation of
8、complex mathematical problems proposed in scientific research and engineering design. Through the special software, the computer can not only solve algebraic equations, but also can solve differential equation and inequality, and to increase the computing speed to the extent to which the human canno
9、t imagine. Data processing computers can be used to analyze, process, and process large amounts of data. The use of computer management and statistical data has many advantages such as fast statistics, high statistical accuracy, low error rate and low statistical cost. It is now widely used for larg
10、e networks2The first computerStation data management, bank data management, large company data management. 3. The real time controlChapteroneReal-time control is the use of computers to control the production process and other processes. This kind of control processing is the computer analysis of th
11、e process of constant change the judgment, and take corresponding measures to adjust the whole process, to ensure the normal process. 4. Aided design and computer aided design of teaching and teaching is a field of developing rapidly in recent years, computer aided design and teaching mainly display
12、s in several aspects. Computer aided design (CAD). Computer aided education (CBE). Computer aided instruction (CAI). Helper tests (CAT). Computer management (CMI). In the development of multimedia technology and network technology, driven by CBE compared with CAD development momentum rapidly in rece
13、nt years, online teaching and remote teaching have taken place in many schools. Computer aided design field, now more popular software Photoshop (image) design and beautification, CorelDraw (graphic design), 3 ds Max (the three dimensional animation design), etc. Artificial intelligence is one of th
14、e most promising disciplines in the 21st century.Artificial intelligence is referring to how to design the intelligent computer system, let the computer is often only talent is the kind of intelligence features, let some of computer simulation of human intelligence activity, such as the identificati
15、on of graphics and sound, learning process, to explore, reasoning, and adaptation to the environment, etc. Connected with the world through the Internet, the computer makes the world a global village. On the Internet, resources can be Shared and used to transmit text, data, sounds and images. You ca
16、n also send and receive E-mail, call, shopping, etc.The development of the computerThe worlds first electronic computer ENIAC is a behemoth, has just been invented the machine reached 30 tons of weight, occupying a few large room area, can use “monster“ to describe it. The machine USES a large numbe
17、r of tubes, relators, capacitors and resistors, with a power of up to 150 kilowatts, and the operation speed is only 5,000 times per second. And with the continuous development of electronic technology, computer also gradually to the development of miniaturization, micromation, its computational spe
18、ed is growing exponentially speed, and by the original 5000 operations per second development to the present operation of 2.8 G per second. The latest generation of desktop computers can weigh between 20 and 30 kilograms, while the latest generation of laptops weighs just a few kilograms. In summary
19、, computer development has gone through several prominent phases, as shown in table 1-1.3Computers easy to learn - computer 101Table 1-1 phase time of small and medium-sized tube transistor large scale integrated circuit, the development of very large scale integrated circuit computer Main character
20、istics, low speed, power consumption, large volume smaller, more power consumption reduction, speed increase volume and power consumption greatly reduced, shrink further increased performance, speed is greatly increased, the overall performance of reliability enhancement, speed, can have more artifi
21、cial intelligence and network intelligent logic elementThe phase iii phase iii phase iii phase ii1946-1957 1955-1965-1985-1985-1971The fifth stageSince 1986The new elementThe composition of the computer systemA complete computer system consists of two parts of the hardware and software systems, as s
22、hown in figure 1-2. The so-called computer hardware is refers to our normal eyes to see, hand to touch, various physical device, usually computer hardware including hard disks, main box, keyboard, mouse, cd-rom, central processing unit (CPU), etc. Computer software refers to the general term of vari
23、ous programs running on computer hardware. All computer operations must be done by software, and hardware only provides a platform for software to run. If no software is configured in the computer, the computer hardware will not be fully effective. The computer is widely used in all fields, and it i
24、s because of the huge amount of software that is installed in the computer.Mention below:Which we took not equipped with any computer software called “bare-metal“, only a pile of hardware, the computer can only run on the bare machine language program.CPU CPU host memory hardware systemThe arithmeti
25、c controller registerRAM (RAM) read-only memory (ROM)Input devices: keyboard, mouse, light pen, scanners and other outside computers system output devices: monitor, printer, plotter and other external storage, magnetic tape, disk (floppy disk, hard disk, CD and other communications equipment, networ
26、k CARDS, modems and other system software, operating systems, programming language, database management system application software such as: all kinds of application package, etc. Figure 1-2The software system4The first computer1.2.1 computer hardware system1. The motherboardChapteroneMotherboard is
27、 also called the motherboard, is one of the biggest piece of printed circuit boards in main box, it is a computer connects to the central, the parts of CPU, memory, hard drive, power supply and all kinds of card almost all computer components through the slot or wires connected to the motherboard. A
28、 typical PC motherboard is shown in figure 1-3. As you can see from the diagram, the main board consists of various electronic components and some slots, switches, jumpers and interfaces.Figure 1-3Mention below:The motherboard is an important hardware device that affects computer performance, which
29、is the basis for performance of other hardware devices. But at the same time because the factor such as price is not easy to upgrade, it is best to anticipate the upgrade performance of the motherboard when choosing a computer.2. The central processor CPU (central processing unit) or CPU, is the bra
30、in of the computer, mainly consists of arithmetic unit and controller of two parts, the motherboard CPU in a special slot in order to realize the connected to the computer. Because the CPU is the operation of the computer and control device, so the performance of the CPU determines the basic functio
31、n of computer, usually we say 386, 486, pentium is refers to the CPU model. Figure 1-4 shows the front and back of a CPU, with a number of pins on the back that are used to plug into the CPU slot of the motherboard.(a) the front of the CPU is 1-4(b) the back of the CPU5Computers easy to learn - comp
32、uter 101Mention below:The CPU generates a lot of heat at run time, so the front is often loaded with heat sinks or fans.Check and ratify the important index of CPU performance is the working frequency of CPU frequency (computer), its unit is Mhz, says bell CPU can perform operations per second. The
33、higher the main frequency, the faster the computer computations. The worlds most famous CPU manufacturers are Intel and AMD. Since the 80 s, Intel phase following the launch of the 8086, 8088, 8086, 80386, 80486, and then start the product named “Pentium“ (usually translated as “rush“ room) series,
34、and launch the PII, PIII, P4 series products. Amd famous “Athlon, thunderbirds“ and other series products, compared with Intel processor, Amd treatment appliance sex price ratio high, advantages of overclocking capability is strong, is the first choice for many computer overclocking enthusiasts and
35、Diyer, but stability is not as good as Intel processor.Mention below:3. The memoryIn 2005, Intel and AMD rolled out a 64-bit CPU that further improved computing performance.There are two kinds of memory in the computer, one is random memory RAM and the other is a read-only memory ROM. Belongs to int
36、ernal storage memory, its main function is used to store for processing the initial data, the intermediate result, and the final result, the performance of the memory and how much also directly affects the performance of the whole computer. Memory reads and writes faster than external memory, such a
37、s hard disk, but is small in storage. Memory is usually a strip PCB (commonly known as the “memory“, it has a lot of memory chips, like CPU, memory) is inserted in the computer motherboard memory slot. This is shown in figure 1-5 as a memory stick.Figure 1-5There is also a lot of memory in the compu
38、ter, which currently has DDR memory and SDRAM memory. Each memory have different technical specifications, such as the current mainstream of DDR memory have DDR333 and DDR400 respectively, although they are both DDR memory, but the performance difference is very big, so when the choose and buy shoul
39、d be more careful.Mention below:To let the computer system to achieve the best running state, must ensure that the motherboard, CPU, memory, the performance of this three parts, or will affect the performance of the other hardware each other.The adapter card observed,Side by side on the main board h
40、ad some long slot, the slot are some adapter card for the computer and leave, common adapter card has a sound card, display card, network card and so on, as shown in figure 1-6.6The first computerChapterone(a) the sound card(b) the display card is 1-6(c) cardDisplay card in the main role is to provi
41、de the connection of computer and display devices, it will be able to identify some information into the computer display signal, and then through the monitor to convert these signals, display card is good or bad directly affects the display shows the quality of the image. The main function of the s
42、ound card is to make the computer sound, and the sound card is usually equipped with a horn, a microphone. When using a sound card, the sound card is inserted into the corresponding slot in the motherboard, and then the driver is installed. Nics role is to provide a computer connected to the Interne
43、t, network card is responsible for the converts digital signals from a computer to simulate the letter To transmit through the network, at the same time also is responsible for network transmission over analog signal is converted into a computer to recognize the digital signal.Mention below:When ins
44、erting a adapter card into a computer, you must first turn off the computer and turn off the power. It is the right thing to stick in when you plug in.Hard disk is the most important external memory in the computer, which is used to hold system text, users application and data. The biggest feature o
45、f the hard drive is the storage capacity and fast access. The hard disk is shown in figure 1-7.The data stored in the hard disk will not disappear when the power is turned off, so it is a good tool for storing data permanently. When the computer is working, the user can be an indicator light in fron
46、t of the host to see hard work, if the number in read drive system According to, so will keep flashing lights.Mention below:The performance metrics of the hard drive include the capacity of the hard disk, the speed of the hard drive, the cache of the hard disk. The capacity of the hard drive is meas
47、ured in gigabytes (GB) and 1GB = 1000MB. But hard disk vendors in nominal capacity hard disk, usually take 1 g = 1024 MB, so when we are in the BIOS or in a format the hard disk saw capacity will be smaller than the manufacturers nominal value. Hard disk rotational speed, the greater the faster the
48、speed of the hard disk read data, on the market at present the mainstream of hard disk rotational speed is 5400 RPM and 5400 RPM, commonly some hard drives are up to 10000 RPM, is the fastest speed in the IDE hard disk.7Computers easy to learn - computer 101Hard disk Cache and Cache on the main boar
49、d (RAM Cache), hard disk Cache in order to solve the problem of system level before and after the reading and writing speed does not match, in order to improve the hard disk read and write speed. Currently, most IDE disks are cached for 2M or 8M, and the larger the cache, the larger the data is extracted from the hard disk. 6. Two computer keyboard and mouse input device is the major input devices, their main function is to input data, program, to convey to the computing machine orders, etc. From the outside, the keyboard is composed of tightly packed keys, as shown in figure 1-8 (
