1、Part The Literature Of Realism 现实主义文学1.美国国内战争 Civil War 1861-1865.美国现实主义文学：他们寻找描写美国人真实生活的方法，他们声称平凡的、就近的事件同重大的、遥运的事件一样都是艺术创作的源泉 they sought to portray American life as it really was, insisting that the ordinary and local were as suitable for artistic portrayal as the magnificent and the remote.2.现实主义
2、一词来源于法语 realisme, 她是一种文学原则，她强调描写平凡的生活，强调其“真实性和现实性” 。Realism had originated in France as realisme, a literary doctrine that called for “reality and truth” in the depiction of ordinary life. “现实主义要求创作素材绝对真实，即不能夸张，也不能缩小”,William Dean Howells(豪厄斯) defined realism as “nothing more and nothing less than t
3、he truthful treatment of material”.他反对那些表现失意和绝望类苍白无力的小说，他强调现实主义作品要发掘出生活中微笑的一方面，因为美国人都坚信自己的国家是一个充满希望，什么奇迹都有可能发生的一个国家，作为文学也应该把这些特征表现出来 he spoke out against the writing of a bleak fiction of failure and despair. He called for the treatment of the “Smiling aspects of life” as being the more “American”,
4、insisting that American was truly a land of hope and of possibility that should be reflected in its literature.3.美国现实主义文学总体说来对生活的表面现象进行了乐观的处理，这是其局限，然而最伟大的现实伟大的现实主义大师亨利詹姆斯、马克吐温则摆脱了对十九世纪美国进行肤浅描写的局限，詹姆斯对他作品中的人物个性心理进行了深度探讨，他运用深厚的和复杂的写作方式对复杂的个人经历进行了揣摩。马克吐温打破了乡土小说的狭窄局限，前所未有地描述了广阔的美国生活 the bulk of Americas
5、 literary realism was limited to optimistic treatment of the surface of life. Yet the greatest of Americas realists, Henry James and Mark Twain, moved well beyond a superficial portrayal of nineteenth-century America. James probed deeply into the individual psychology of his characters, writing in a
6、 rich and intricate style that supported his intense scrutiny of complex human experience. Mark Twain, breaking out of the narrow limits of local color fiction, described the breadth of American experience as no one had ever done before, or since.4.美国新的现实主义即自然主义大师们不再崇尚过去粉饰太平的写作方法，他们设法尽力客观，真实地展现出受环境与
7、出身局限的下层人民和各种经济阶层人物的真正生活，他们强调世界的非道德性，他们认为，人们并没有意志的自由，他们的生活状况往往受到了生活的环境与自己的出身所局限；他们还认宗教上的“真理”是虚幻的，人类世俗的现实生活是痛苦的，死亡以后，一切又烟消云散了 naturalism, a new and harsher realism. Americas literary naturalists dismissed the validity of comforting moral truths. They attempted to achieve extreme objectivity and frankn
8、ess, presenting characters of low social and economic classed who were dominated by their environment and heredity, the naturalists emphasized that the world was amoral, that men and women had no free will, that their lives were controlled by heredity and the environment, that religious “truths” wer
9、e illusory, that the destiny of humanity was misery in life and oblivion in death.一、Walt Whitman 沃尔特惠特曼 1819-18921.美国文学史上极其重要的、具有创新精神的作家之一，他的草叶集中系列诗歌是美国文学史上第一部真正的史诗 one of the great innovators in American literature. In the cluster of poems he called “Leaves of Grass” he gave America its first genui
10、ne epic poem.他所创造的这种诗体叫做自由诗，在这种诗歌中，没有固定的节拍，也没有有规律的韵脚，惠特曼认为传统的格律诗不适合表达民主之声 the poetic style he devised is now called free verse-that is, poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme. Whitman thought that the voice of democracy should not be haltered by traditional forms of verse.2.1855 年出版草叶集第
11、一部，其中的大部分作品表达的主题是人类与大自然。有一部分诗歌描写的是令作者痴迷的纽约，少量诗歌还对内战进行了描写，在诗歌中，惠特曼把各种具有平民思想的普通人，社会下层的不同个体的理念有机地结合了起来 most of the poems in “Leaves of Grass” are about man and nature. However, a small number of very good poems deal with New York, the city that fascinated Whitman, and with the Civil War. In his poetry,
12、 Whitman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. 他给诗人重新进行了定义，他认为诗人是一个英雄，是一个救世主，还是先知，诗人通过对真理的表达来引导大众 in his poetry, Whiman combined the ideal of the democratic common man and that of the rugged individual. He envisioned the poet as a hero, a savior and a pro
13、phet, one who leads the community by his expressions of the truth.3.教材作品：自己之歌：”Song of Myself” 我坐在这儿眺望着：”I sit and Look Out”敲呀！敲呀！鼓啊！：”Drum-Taps Beat! Beat! Drums”二、Emily Dickinson 爱米丽狄金森 1830-18861.她的诗歌古怪、简洁，她对做任何大众或流行诗人的概念保持惊人冷漠，她往往是通过一件具体的家庭小事，和一种闲适的生活来阐明事理，并把这些描写成为令人痴迷的诗歌 she wrote her whimsical
14、, darting verse with sublime indifference to any notion of being a democratic or popular poet. Her work illustrated the fact that one could take a single household and an inactive life, and make enchanting poetry out of it.2.她同姐姐终身未嫁一直住在一起，1862 年以后，她过上了完全与世隔绝的生活，从此再也没有离开过自己的家乡，也没有同朋友聚会，狄金森与世隔绝可能是受到一
15、桩不满爱情的影响，但主要可能还是源于她自己独特的个性，源于她自己要同世人隔绝的愿望，她诗歌并没有受到生活局限，相反她诗歌却极富创造性和想象力 she and her sister remained at home and did not marry. After 1862 she became a total recluse, not leaving her house nor seeing even close friends. Her later retirement from the world, though perhaps affected by an unhappy love af
16、fair, seems mainly to have resulted from her own personality, from a desire to separate herself from the world. The range of her poetry suggests not her limited experiences but the power of her creativity and imagination.3.她在世时，发表了仅七首诗，爱米丽并没有按当时的标准来修改自己的作品，也无意去出版这些作品 Emily, however, refused to revis
17、e her poems to fit the standards of others and took no interest in having them published; in fact she had only seven poems published during her lifetime.4.她的诗歌富有激情，诗歌都很短，很多诗建立在一个简单的意象或象征之上，狄金森在她小小抒情诗歌中却对生活中的大部分重大事件进行了探讨 Emily Dickinsons poetry comes out in bursts. The poems are short, many of them b
18、eing based on a single image or symbol. But within her little lyrics Miss Dickinson writes about some of the most important things in life.5.教材作品： 我品味未经酿造的饮料：”I taste a liquor never brewed”我意识到一场葬礼：”I Felt a Funeral, in My Brain”鸟儿沿着小径过来：“A Bird Came Down the Walk-“我为美而死：”I Died for Beauty-but Was S
19、carce”听到苍蝇的嗡嗡声-我死时： ”I Heard a Fly Buzz-when I died-“我不能等候死神：”Because I Could not Stop for Death-“三、Harriet Beecher Stowe 哈丽雅特 比彻斯托 1811-18961.她出生名门，父亲莱曼是当地有名的牧师，父亲在家“一手遮天” ，非常专横，对待他们兄妹非常严厉，他希望家里的男孩子将来成为传教士，女孩子能够嫁给传教士 she was born into a respectable family that was to become famous, her father Lyman
20、 was a renowned clergyman. The family was dominated by the father who ruled with the kind of wrathful severity that he imagined were the chief characteristics of the God he worshiped and feared. The boys were expected to become preachers, the girls to marry preachers.2.1851 年 6 月 5 日，系列小说汤姆叔叔的小屋的第一集
21、在民族时代专栏上开始连载，到 1852 年 4 月 1 日最后一集刊登完成 the novel “Uncle Toms Cabin” or “The Man That Was a Thing”, began serially in the National Era on June 5, 1851, and the last installment appeared on April 1, 1852.3.这部小说被翻译成 40 多种文字，被全球数百万计的人们广泛阅读，这部小说的成功源于该作品倾注了作者自己对两主人公所受痛苦和压迫的深刻感受，再就是人们为作者要解放这些奴隶的决心所感动 Since
22、then has been published in some forty languages and has been read by millions of people around the world. The power of the novel unquestionably comes from the investment of the authors sense of her own suffering and oppression (as well as her determination to be free) in the characters of Tom and hi
23、s fellow slave Eliza, the protagonists of the books two main plots.4.汤姆叔叔小屋题解 “A Key to Uncle Toms Cabin” with documented case histories to support what she had portrayed fictionally. 1856 年德雷德，阴暗大沼地的故事 “Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp” attempt to repeat the theme and extend the argument of h
24、er masterpiece: that a society resting on slavery could not long survive.5.教材作品：汤姆叔叔的小屋：“Uncle Toms Cabin”四、Mark Twain 马克吐温 1835-19101.原名 Samuel Langhorne Clemens 塞缪尔朗赫恩克莱门斯。1847 年父亲去世后开始到一家出版社当学徒工，从 1853 年开始全国旅行，期间做过印刷排字临时工，结识了船长霍勒斯比克斯比，从那以后便开始水上生活 his formal education ended soon after his fathers
25、death in 1847, when he became a printers apprentice. From 1853, he traveled widely, as a journeyman printer, in the eastern states and in the west, he met Horace Bixby, the captain of the boat, and turned to a career on the river.国内战争爆发以后，他离开密西西比河，先后在军队当过志愿者，到内华达州掏过金，他还做过木材投机生意，当过新闻记者 he left the Mi
26、ssissippi at the outbreak of the Civil War, and became, in swift succession, and army volunteer, a gold-prospector in Nevada, a timber speculator and a journalist.2.在弗吉尼亚企业杂志任职期间，他开始使用笔名“马克吐温” ，意为口寻，也就是十二尺深 while working for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise, he adopted the pseudonym “Mark Tw
27、ain”, the way of a boatman taking soundings, and meaning two fathoms, i.e. twelve feet.3.1865 年，他第一本书跳蛙出版”Jumping Frog”;1869 年， 傻子国外旅行记 “Innocents Abroad”;1872 年， 艰苦岁月 “Roughing It”;1873 年， 镀金时代 “The Gilded Age”1876 年， 汤姆索亚历险记 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”;1883 年， 密西西比河上的生活 “Life on the Mississippi
28、”;1884 年， 哈克贝里费恩历险记 ”Adventures of Huckleberry Finn”;1894 年， 傻瓜威尔逊 “Pudd head Wilson”;1900 年， 败坏了哈德莱堡的人 “The Man that Corrupted Hadleyburg”;1906 年， 什么是人？ “What is Man”;1916 年， 神秘来客 “The Mysterious Stranger”4.晚年悲观与失望，对十九世纪美国社会价值观不能接受，后一直是一个坚定的怀疑论者，有时他通过时事恶毒的评论来疏缓自己的压力，晚景凄凉，亲人相继离去 he pointed towards h
29、is uneasy acceptance of the values of nineteenth-century American society, he wrote three works expressing his acute pessimism. From that time until his death, he maintained a bitter skepticism, relieved at times by outraged commentary on world affairs. His last years were saddened by personal berea
30、vement.5.教材作品：汤姆索亚历险记 “The Adventures of Tom Sawyer”五、O. Henry 欧亨利 原名威廉 悉尼波特（笔名欧 亨利）William Sidney Porter.1.由于人们对他撰写的故事特别感兴趣,安斯利杂志的出版人便邀请他到纽约专门写稿 he wrote stories for different magazines, and when there came a big demand for his stories, the publishers of “Ainslees Magazing” invited him to come to N
31、ew York.2.欧亨利写的故事大部分讲的是纽约穷苦人的生活，也写过其他地方类似人的辛酸生活，他讲述的故事一般很短，情节安排巧妙又引人入胜，故事幽默，有趣，结果往往又出人意料，他的故事中有许多俚语和地方性语言表达，美国以外读者理解这些内容有些困难，这些表达方式，在作者看来是一种本地特色，并且能够很好地同故事中的人物和场景结合起来 Many of his stories tell about the lives of poor people in New York, as well as in other places, his works abound in good-natured hum
32、or. His stories are usually short, the plots are exceedingly clever and interesting; humor abounds, and the end is always surprising. Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions that make them hard to be understood by people outside of America. Such forms of speech a
33、re used to give what is called local, to make the stories fit in with the characters and scenes described.3.欧亨利认为他自己是一个十分谦虚的人，他很害羞，不喜与人交往，即使是成名以后也是这样 His own estimate of himself was always a very modest one and he was shy and retiring in the presence of friends yet his fame.4.最好小说集四百万his best volume
34、” The Four Million”; 最好单部小说：旧知 、 麦珙的礼物 、 市政报告 、 没讲完的故事 、 月亮女神 、 吝啬爱人 、 装饰过的房间 ，his best individual stories “Retrieved Reformation”, “The Gift of the Magi”, “A Municipal Report”, “An Unfinished Story”, “Phoebe”, “A Lickpenny Lover”, “The Furnished Room”.5.教材作品：警察与赞美诗：”The Cop and the Anthem”六、Henry J
35、ames 亨利詹姆斯 1843-19161.他大部分教育是在家里完成的，全家在欧洲的频繁旅行是他接受教育的另一个重要源泉 he received the major part of his education at home, his familys travels in Europe were another source of education for Henry.2.1871 年，第一部小说观察和守护 “Watch and Ward”;1875 年罗德里克赫德森 ”Roderick Hudson”;1877 年美国人讲述的是一个国际性的话题，书中他认为美国人同丰富多彩的欧洲生活相比，显
36、得没底蕴“The American” with its “international” theme of the traditionless American confronting the complexity of European life1878 年达西密勒有人评论该作品是 “对美国姑娘的嘲弄” ，但正是这部作品让他首次获得了国际声誉”Daisy Miller”, which one American critic described as “an outrage to American girlhood” but which brought James his first inter
37、national fame.1881 年一个贵妇人的画像是其早期作品中最好的一部“The Portrait of a Lady” the finest example of Jamess early work.3.他第二个创作时期作品有：1886 年波士顿人 “The Bostonians”1886 年卡萨玛西玛公主 “The Princess Casamassima”;1890 年悲惨的缪斯 “The Tragic Muse”4.第三阶段作品有：1902 年鸽翼 “The Wings of the Dove”;1903 年大使 ”The Ambassadors”1904 年金碗 ”The G
38、olden Bowl”这时他写法日趋成熟和灵活，许多评论家声称为他的“主要阶段” exemplify the mature and formidable style of a third literary period, which critics have come to praise as “The Major Phase”.5.同豪厄斯不一样，他的影响不在当时，而是在他去世后接下来的一段时间里，他因对自己祖国的批语，人物情感的塑造较为封闭狭小，人物的社会范围也较为有限而遭到了当时评论家的功击，他最后阶段创作的作品晦涩难懂，风格也不大气，遭到了当时人们的嘲讽，其实只是对读者提出了更高的要求
39、，只有有了同步的心灵，才能感应他作品中的微妙之处，要求读者所受教育同他一样，要求读者同作者一样不慌不忙，慢慢咀嚼 Unlike Howells Jamess greatest influence was exerted not on his own age but on the one that followed. He had been attacked for criticizing his native land and for the narrow emotional and social range of his characters. And he had been ridicul
40、ed for the obscure and costive style of his final period, a style that was able to express the subtlest meanings but was based on the assumption that the reader was as well educated, as exquisitely attuned, and in as little hurry as the author.6.原来小说主要是一种新闻形式，主要讲述一些浪漫故事。他则把小说转变成了个人在社会环境中面对种种冲突， ，进行深
41、刻转变的文学形式，对人们心理感受进行反映的一种文学形式，他定义这为感受的最高形式 helping to transform the novel from its alliances with journalism and romantic story-telling into an art form of penetrating analysis of individuals confronting society, chronicles of the psychological perceptions that James himself defined as the highest for
42、m of experience.7.教材作品：一个贵妇人的画像：”The Portrait of A Lady”七、Jack London 杰克伦敦 1876-19161.他在极端贫困中长大，很小的时候，就开始从事低贱和危险的工作，为了生存，他尝尽了生活的艰辛，之后下定决心通过自学来提高自己的生活状况及其他方面 he grew up in extreme poverty: from earliest youth he supported himself with menial and dangerous jobs, experiencing profoundly the struggle fo
43、r survival.2.1900 年第一本故事集狼子：”The Son of the Wolf”;1903 年荒野的呼唤：”The Call of the Wild”;1903 年深渊中的人们 ”The People of the Abyss”;1904 年海狼 ”The Sea Wolf”1905 年附级的斗争 “The War of the Classes”;1906 年白牙 ”White Fang”1908 年铁蹄 ”The Iron Heel”1909 年纯自传小说马丁伊登 这部作品也是研究杰克 伦敦的核心学术文献 “Martin Eden” a central document f
44、or London scholars.1910 年革命 “Revolution”其他作品生活的法则 ”The Law of Life”.3.他的小说中最受人们所接受，经得住时间考验的是关于强者与弱者之间原始又动人心魄的较量描写，这类作品一直经久不衰，他总是习惯把这些场景放在一些不可抗力，如骇人的大海及北极的荒野等大背景下来描写 the most enduringly popular of his stories involved the primitive (and melodramatic) struggle of strong and weak individuals in the con
45、text of irresistible natural forces such as the wild sea or the arctic wastes.4.伦敦创作的在大自然中生存与抗争的有关人类的小说继续在全球受到欢迎。在这些作品中，伦敦往往把一切表面现象予以剥离，直到剩下赤裸裸的梦，直到最后最原始的质朴，这种质朴具有古代神话中怪异与震憾的力量 Londons stories of man in and against nature continue to be popular all over the world. In them, London strips everything d
46、own to the symbolic starkness of dream, to a primordial simplicity that has the strange and compelling power of ancient myth.5.教材作品：海狼 ”The Sea Wolf” 马丁 伊登 ”Martin Eden”八、Theodore Dreiser 西奥多德莱塞 1871-1945全名西奥多赫尔曼阿尔伯特 德莱塞 Theodore Herman Albert Dreiser1.从母亲那里他学会了与人为善，在幼小心里滋生了对弱者的同情心理，从父亲那里继承了注重道德的人个品
47、质及面对失败、失望、绝望时表现出的坚强不屈的意志 from his mother he seems to have absorbed a quality of compassionate wonder, from his father he seems to have inherited moral earnestness and the capacity to persist in the face of failure, disappointment, and despair.2.德莱塞年幼时生活非常不幸，贫穷，生活不稳定，家庭不和，年轻时，德莱塞不爱动，稀里糊涂，还有点害羞，同他小说中男
48、女主人公一样，充满了各种稀奇古怪的幻相，实际上他的教育大部分来自自己生活的经历，来自独立的阅读和独立的思考 Dreisers childhood was decidedly unhappy. The large family moved from house to house in Indiana dogged by poverty, insecurity, and internal division. Dreiser as a youth was as ungainly, confused, shy, and full of vague yearnings as most of his fi
49、ctional protagonists, male and female, his education was to come from experience and from independent reading and thinking.3.1900 年他的第一部小说嘉莉妹妹 ，小说讲述了嘉莉米贝的发迹和 GW赫兹伍德的悲剧性陨落，该书通过人物描写，描绘了当时转型的社会，剧中人物既没有悔过之心，还逃脱了惩罚，用语较为激烈 ”Sister Carrie”, which traces the material rise of Carrie Meeber and the tragic decline of GWHurstwood. It depicted social transgressions by characters who felt no remorse and largely escaped pun
