1、新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语1美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生 presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，
2、加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References) 三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Ch
3、apter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Footnotes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语2P
4、roposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或 Proposal 为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期
5、 (二)Summary ： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如 PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如 SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因
6、此 Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel 便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。BEC 中级口语主讲：谢娇岳欢迎使用新东方在线电子教材新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语3第一课时Intr
7、oduction、Why take BEC exams? strong growthrigorous quality controlwide suitabilitywide business contextvalue for study and business careerinternational recognition for work and study、What is International Business English? 什么是国际商务英语？国际商务英语，指的是人们从事国际商务活动中所使用的具有行业特征的英语，这些行业包括：国际贸易、国际金融、国际会计、国际运输、国际商法、
8、保险、银行、经济、营销、物流、企业管理、商业服务等。由此看来，商务英语不是一种独立的语言，它仍然是英语，是在国际商务背景下使用的英语。、How to learn International Business English? 怎样学习国际商务英语？掌握一定的商务英语词汇、短语和句型。(1) 词汇方面commercial e.g. The TV show was interrupted by too many commercials.prospecte.g. He called on some prospects but failed to make a sale.makee.g. These
9、products are of Chinese make.The factory manufactured five makes of tractors. (2) 短语方面soft selling hard sellingSome sales people adopt a direct hard sell approach, while others use a more indirect soft sell approach. have a bad yearThe corporation is having a bad year and it will probably be necessa
10、ry to dismiss a few office staff. break into/penetrate the marketThere is chance that well manage to break into the UK market 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语4(3) 句型方面I am writing to you concerning You cant miss it. I cant agree more. It may have slipped your mind, but You can always reach me at the numbe
11、r We would very much appreciate it if you could I noted with interest your advertisement for Yes, thats true, but on the other hand Thats exactly what I think. Maybe, but dont you think? You are wanted on the phone. As requested, we enclose for your attention (4) 旧词“新义“honoure.g, All credit cards ho
12、noured here. The bank honoured this cheque.covere.g. I have got myself covered against fire. royaltye.g. Besides copyright, the writer got a 10 percent royalty on sales. The technology transfer fee shall be paid in royalties. (5) 同义词、近义词、相似词的辨析。1) chairman, president, CEO, Managing Director, General
13、 Manager.2) dealer, merchant, trader, businessman, distributor. 3) deputy, vice-, associate, assistant. 4) discharge, unload, land5) discount, reduction, rebate, allowance. * 熟悉世界贸易组织。* 熟悉国际商务英语有关行业的基本术语及其内涵意义。* 学习国际商务常识，略知相关专业知识。* 密切了解国际商务最新动态。、BEC2 ContentBEC2 考试主要是考学生的语言能力，包括听、说、读、写四个方面。试卷所设计的语言文
14、字基本山都与商务有关。另外，还考学生的英语语法、结构等内容。BEC2 考试分笔试和口试两大部分。笔试包括阅读、写作和听力。、BEC2 Time. Preliminary Vantage AdvancedReading 1 hr 1 hrWriting1 hr 30 mins 45 mins 1 hr 10 minsListening 40 mins 40 mins 40 minsSpeaking 12 mins 14 mins 16 mins 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语5( 2 candidates)、BEC2 Grades* one overall grade *
15、each skill counts for 25% * candidates also receive profile of performance* Preliminary: two pass grades* Vantage and Advance: three pass grades、Introduction to BP Preparation Resource* vocabulary * textbook Pass Cambridge VantageTeamwork, Entertaining a client, Brand power, New premises, Health and
16、 safety, Business travel, Marketing disasters, Going global 是 BV 常考的商务专题。下面以 Brand power 举例说明：1 掌握商务词汇短语E.g. to buy/develop/launch/sell/test/own/stretch/damage a brandE.g. brand image/leader/loyalty/name/power/stretching2 掌握相关商务知识E.g. Explain why you brought one of the products. strong sense of bran
17、d loyalty reasonable price good after-sales service reliability of the product good and consistent quality user-friendly design good value for money in style 3 掌握相关背景知识Tesco, J Sainsbury, AsdaWorking in English* mock exam papers: 9 sets、Register for BV、Business ResearchAnswering business studies que
18、stion Business Studies is a skills based subject which tests students ability to use their knowledge. There are four basic skills: Level One Description/IdentificationLevel Two Explanation新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语6Level Three AnalysisLevel Four EvaluationTo gain the highest grades, candidates must
19、show evidence of the higher skills Key types of questions Responses should:Identify/state/describe make a pointExplain/outline make a point and develop itDiscuss present two sides of the debateExamine/assess/analyse make a point and develop fully with some question of itCritically assess/to what ext
20、ent explain both sides and evaluateHow to answer questionsExample question: What determines the price of a product? Example answer: The price of a product is influenced by the costs. 1 This is because firms have to charge a price which is greater than costs to make a profit. 2 However in the short r
21、un a firm may sell a product at a loss. This may be to gain market share or because the product is still at the introduction phase and has high research and launch costs. 3 Overall it depends on whether we are considering a short or long term pricing policy. Firms may be willing to make a loss in th
22、e short run. It will also depend on the objectives of the firm. Some public sector organisations, e.g. may simply try to cover costs.Example Question: Should firms train their employees?Answer:By training their employees firms may be able to increase their profits BECAUSE trained staff are likely to
23、 be more productive and make les mistakes. Employees might also be more motivated BECAUSE they might be able to undertake more interesting work and BECAUSE managers are showing that they value their staff (which can satisfy their esteem needs). HOWEVER training costs money and is not always successf
24、ul. It can also lead to a loss of production while staff are being trained. OVERALL, management will have to weigh up the potential benefits against the costs. If, for example, the firm has the necessary resources, the training is relatively cheap and is likely to lead to significant increases in pr
25、oductivity and profitability the firm likely to invest in it. If, ON THE OTHER HAND, the firm lacks the necessary finance and staff already have the skills required then training is LESS LIKELY.第二课时第一讲 Introduction to BV Speaking新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语7formatconversationpresentationdiscussioncrit
26、eriapronunciationvocabulary a foreign language especially English is needed if the company wants to expand to the world. Applicants who can speak one or more foreign languages will have a better chance to get the job.Sample 2As we all know, the criteria used by HR professionals in screening and sele
27、cting applicants normally include such factors as working experience, personal qualities and communicative skills.Firstly, we pay a lot of attention to working experience of the applicant. A person with a solid record of related experience is more likely to fit in with a new company. Therefore he or
28、 she can be trusted to fulfill the tasks and solve the problems in a more professional and competent way.新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语8In addition to this, we also look at the personal qualities of the applicant. Does he or she has integrity, perseverance or can do spirit? Surely any organization can b
29、enefit from the reliability, devotion and enthusiam of its employees.Finally, good communicative skills such as interpersonal skills and team spirit are also becoming an important precondition in selecting qualified employees.B: WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN?Preparing for a job interview Studying the job a
30、dvertisement Finding out about the companyBefore you go for an interview, you must make preparations so as to face the interviewer with more confidence. They include studying the job advertisement, finding out about the company, preparing yourself psychologically, etc.Firstly, you should study the j
31、ob advertisement carefully so that you can match your knowledge, skills and abilities with the specifications required for the post. You must assure the interviewer that you have all the qualifications required, so you are the right sort of person they are looking for.Secondly, you should know more
32、about the company, such as its profile, structure, existing problems, requirements, campaigns and future plans. As a Chinese saying goes: “know the opponent and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles without defeat.”Finally, you should also prepare yourself psychologically and this will
33、help you combat stress. Rehearsing the interview with your friends, for example, is a good relaxation exercise that can install confidence in you. Presentation Discourse Management1. Opening SentenceWell, Id like to make a short/brief/mini/one-minute presentation on the topic2. Body （一般讲 2-3 个要点，根据语
34、速和知识点调整）First,Second.Third,3. Closing SentenceAnyway, thats why I think so.Thank you very much.Thank you for taking your time.Thank you for listening.第三课时第二讲新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语9 ConversationPART 1: Exchange personal informationThis part aims to prepare the candidate for phase 1 of the speakin
35、g test, which takes the form of an interview, with each candidate talking in turn to the examiner. This involves the candidate answering questions, responding to a comment or participating in an exchange or greeting.Activity 1:Asking each others name (including spelling), hometown, occupation, hobbi
36、esFurther probing: describe your hometown (location, city, town, village) climate, population, etc.Further probing: describe your occupation/ or major (if student), likes and dislikes about your occupation.Further probing: asking each other about marital status/ with or without boy friend/girlfriend
37、.Asking for opinion on married/single life, which is better?Further probing: asking each other about hobbies.Possible Questions Suggested Answers and Note1) Whats your registration number? My registration number is2) Whats your name?How do you spell your name?How do you spell your family name / surn
38、ame / last name? My last name is My given name is, but my friends always call me, my English name. You can call me, if you like / wish. nickname3) Where are you from?Would you say its a good place to live in?(Why?)Do you like living in?Where would you like rather liveor?(Why?)Do you think it would b
39、e better to live inor? (Why?) Weather Transportation Environment HousingHouses are pricey in this area. Night life (exciting, dynamic) Local people Local government Job opportunities Resorts (skiing) Atmosphere selling pointsPossible Questions Suggested Answers and Note4) Do you come from a large fa
40、mily or a small family? Extended family Nuclear family新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语10Can you tell me a bit aboutin your family?5) Do you work or are you a student in?What do you do?What do you study?Whats your major?What do you like most about your job?(Why?)What do you like most about your studies?(Wh
41、y?) Major v.I majored in , and minored in Ever since I was a child, I was interested in Job Satisfaction Interesting friendly atmosphere; not bossy; patient; good manners; modest; leadership; good interpersonal skills; variety of experiencea. Variety of experience and a broad horizon would help to t
42、ackle urgent matters and establish his or her personal prestige. Well-experienced staff are capable of overcoming storms and crises.b. On coming across problematic issues, new or inexperienced staff usually will feel depressed and even start to panic. One or a number of experienced staff will, in th
43、is kind of situation, automatically become the spiritual leaders of the team and can get the issues in question solved quickly. c. A wide range of experiences are important to a team member, because you never know what kind of problems might suddenly come up to you. Experiences in different fields w
44、ill enhance the chance of successfully sorting out the problem with your knowledge which is based on your past experience.Personal qualities:a. The basis of the team work is mutual trust and friendly atmosphereb. Good manners, not too bossy, patient, modest, leadership, good interpersonal skills.Pro
45、ject Management 新东方在线 网络课堂电子教材系列 BEC 中级口语17WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN?MANAGING A PROJECT ENCOURAGING TEAMWORK KEEPING TO SCHEDULEKey points: Team work, time pressure (keeping to the schedule)Team work: as explained in the teamwork sectionTime pressure:a. A well-designed schedule can clarify yourself to
46、 the project. You should ensure that you would be running before the schedule rather than after it. b. Time is always of essence for a project.c. Failure to keep to the schedule will result in/cause late completion.d. Late completion will lead to: civil litigation, injured party will become entitled
47、 to claim compensation/entitled to sue the breaching company.e. When the project is being processed/in the course of carrying out the project, there will be a lot of commercial activities involved. Such as investment banks advance cash; raw material supply, planning permission, sub-contract/outsourc
48、e. Failure to stick to the schedule will affect above matters.Competition WHAT IS IMPORTANT WHEN?DEALING WITH COMPETITION PRICING POLICIES ADVERTISING STRATEGIESWHAT IS IMORTANT WHEN?SETTING PRICES FOR NEW PRODUCTS PRODUCTION COSTS COMPETIORS PRICESKey points: Pricing; Advertising; Production costs; Competitors price; Market
