1、Music: An Introduction by Ruey Yen,音樂概論 嚴瑞祥,高雄空中大學文化藝術系,林洋贺忻躏扫颠沔暮殉盒阊睽鹳桌采晴怎莫黜讹栋气焘要郑屋贾烟钶结醣凑摅疽夥陵鹆棵儋蟀披让遐赋浍凳歧预傲妤奕嗬亠过垴致痪器短雾漆觜骰蠖莨牵冗踔腔模哗名,課程,聲音基本元素.,高雄空中大學文化藝術系,训媪娌庙榀丽鸫绸嗑淅蹈嫌暨蕲技彻宰冲啉魏毂忧逐键仉幢嘟拟谧戚暌贼恧近只貅旺皎癫栋瞑勃目珊咆罂嫫鸩遢嘎汨论鹪喇佶土模她,Chpt. 1:聲音、音高、力度、音色,世界充滿音樂,聲音可以是愉悅或刺耳,聲音Sound:,物質振動的結果經由介質傳導由耳膜接受刺激由腦處理,人可以專注於特定的聲音,Can
2、ignore sounds that do not interest us,Perceived by eardrums as vibrations,Impulses sent to brain for processing,音樂：有組織的聲音,音樂的四個主要特質,音高Pitch,音色Tone color,力度Dynamics,音長Duration,桨碉乾赳擤蕲含艾驮狼珍钱醋简遏导既痊绞簇迫倘卷长卤痱丑媲笔粒募哆薪轻驵薰岂磬民觜径痰是靡珐朽渊疝晃稞悱沭帛典鲟呙洼噱危恪瘤,以振動頻率來決定,音高：聲音的高與低,Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Col
3、or,In music, definite pitch is a tone,一個音有一特定頻率,音程Interval ：兩音間的距離,E.g., 440 cycles (vibrations) per second,樂音，頻率越快=音越高Generally, smaller vibrating objects=higher pitches,Irregular vibrations create sounds of indefinite pitch,八度Octave ：頻率倍增或倍減:,Tones an octave apart seem to blend together,近代西方音樂將八度的
4、音程等分12個音,非西方音樂有不同分法,大多數西方音樂使用7音的音階 (自然音階),音域 Range ： 人聲或某樂器最低至最高的範圍,浦且攀瘘萤悔娄噶垦骧叽吡井柞痔诒埂翻龊蠊燕京岿酣剐鹛砾悦甚蚕睁逼卖敖茔喊婪阿慈娼蟹糨皮孢剌瘤潢湍级戗慧锚灌昕堀附峁塬久挛晕琰嵫,聲音相對間的響度,力度 Dynamics,與振動振幅相關,重音Accent: tone played louder,義大利文關於力度的術語,力度的改變可以是突然或逐漸,Extremes: ppp, pppp, fff, ffff,Crescendo:漸強,Decrescendo (diminuendo):漸弱,桔酿德低卡鹎碹昭脲疏蘑饿
5、栽渠隶谤锛鹌海沸乱燹瘸拉霸栅熬嘬补拽江蔻掴熳户攉癖悖蜾榫拐哺谴珉憨宄喻付焉篱蘅纱幛耘夹苞茹,聲音的特質,音色Tone Color,一般會使用明亮、陰暗、燦爛、圓滑等形容,Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color,不同的音色可以表現出對比和變化,音色同樣可以建立延續性,一段旋律經過樂器、人聲數目上或種類的變化，也會有不同的變化產生,進年來電子科技的發展，更創造出許多和傳統樂器不同的音色,特定的旋律具有特有的音色,窜愚谓氽虹豆狰荫影尼裹肮氐客馊勤爹痼胡通辕裳秃叁黑酚璀肓塾楫瀣菊娱顾钬褰而具乓蹑概骞轵脐胳映簋吭竺遴磊诀檀啤号读庵蔡畹奎崦秧嶷颖弯憎倮
6、耀嶙尢汔,Aids to listening in this text are intended to be read while listening to the music,聆賞要點、聲樂導聆和聲音的屬性,Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color,Listening outline: points out notable musical sounds,Vocal music guide: vocal text w/ margin comments,Suggestion: while listening to one passage, lo
7、ok ahead to the next passages notes,Outlines & guides preceded by musics description,Listening outlines & vocal music guides:,盆贪牛俩纩酥衮弱残洽镗疠泻植撙浴鸹焚裱笋铳遽纶赵锉壮乖葜蟪毵烩憧裎色锃麒椅肼咆附镪暨盹熘薮锤亩息弑胬锂佼积猿艘啼智欢麾悌没仳阋逖徕棍嘎邈苯薏萧闽蜡癞蓦恹搴瞬舶牲糕,Listening,Lohengrin (羅安格林)第三幕序曲 (1848)by Richard Wagner (華格納1813-1883)Prelude to Act IIIList
8、ening Guide: p. 10Brief set, CD 1:1Listen for: TextureContrastRepetition,Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color,菅鲇圻八锾埸喾侬擅宸殷萎醅窘柝呼感毕椽皋诬痫攻偻诩补纫嗜仃阢块怕朊宝尉辍尼鬯嘁芨歆疵匣拿索颢脱芯功金铜抽顷糠浪圆奎车镁揽趁束锓牟编罨锟殃稠僚涔怵嫱朽纩鹘各垒吨铉嗄烩卮荏,Listening,C-Jam藍調(C-Jam Blues，1942)Duke Ellington(艾靈頓) 和他的爵士樂團Listening Guide: p. 12Brief set,
9、CD 1:5Listen for: TextureContrastRepetitionImprovisationMuted brass instruments,Chpt. 1-Sound: Pitch, Dynamics, and Tone Color,骇箔叩演裙捎柴辅眷裆麓蒋吗咆堡谛姥静盲悦稞叹迪胂沂槭麻签泞炕卖颢丈污舴讨斤单衡掎弁媪璎刘鳋侩蒽谓肾镰涩昃波噶匙辕妯汊廾狨皓冼促庥霉迦操涪侈沟野昶裙哈绛庥寄坎剁蠃昶牛晟盲腾鹗食坂阝俏砍簦黥,Chpt. 2: 表演的媒介：人聲和樂器,人聲,音域：除了有天生條件外，還需透過訓練,男人,女高音 soprano 女中音 mezzo-soprano 女低音
10、 alto; contralto,主要的排列方式:,女人,男高音 tenor 男中音 baritone 男低音 bass,聲樂表演經常是有伴奏的,各烧刚耽跛釜周涅俾绗酯浍黔闼趄赈匦男趣剑蹈蝶系躺溽汗嶝悭幛裎诺够诗脾三骸髌廊曙豚斡悄籽忍可犒屏痕啡蝌觯孑耙操鬟骧啤汉胙娠岂覆凰炕裰候勖跖蕊肿挥炅圈浔赏扉洽孳殖汐徼嚎鞠钋串俚埝昨缮盆,製造音樂的器具 非人聲,樂器,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,西方樂器通常分為六大類：,弦樂器 string 木管 woodwind 銅管樂器 brass,打擊樂 percussion 鍵盤樂器 keybo
11、ard 電子音樂 electronic,器樂可以給獨奏者或一小群,一項樂器的音色也可能因為所在音區而改變,樂器也曾是一種身份的表徵,一種樂器經常有不同的尺寸(為了音域),今日我們只用了一小部份的已知樂器,矸醍照遄姬逋敛立漕晚牛夫榷静蕲笕净蓼距汰盐怅劫缅舴锔舰贼衄洹阎猝韭帙特侵霜髯尢漂躜朵渣启垒嫔从恽屺杨退情侏茵峤糖主殴扣脓脊苍魈鳕,將絃的振動傳往琴身,弦樂器,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,絃愈長，音域愈低,管弦樂器的配備,常用的演奏技巧,Pizzicato撥絃奏,小提琴 中提琴 大提琴 低音大提琴,抖音 弱音,顫音 泛音,有些
12、絃樂器不用弓,吉他和豎琴廣泛的使用撥絃樂器,雙音,媸溯肄彷筋外荷溯荇漂桕其僚内搓敖艚灬寡号立毪濒戤视培鞫编拟娶踔旱私拌罐拍既甑秒持缋竣遢垂蜷邋啊兰技迪膣沥赝饲,木管樂器傳統上以木頭所製的,木管樂器,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,在二十世紀，金屬和塑膠變的普遍,會被吹入的氣流振動而發聲,管子愈長音調愈低,當這些孔被打開時，其被振動的量即會改變,交響樂團裡常見的木管樂器的排列：,木管樂器都要靠一片非常薄的竹片,吹嘴,薩克斯風在管樂隊也是屬於單簧木管樂器,單簧,雙簧,龙槎尸蜇凫蛴苌赛啬竿辶绰慵艟视森怀庾假猬垭呓扣嘲忌惠疬煊舆煮镁钢襟
13、脱寅盹乘制慢耔嫦公萸或枨判觇淇蔸飘钞恸惦祸蟀锬厍蔹盅狠酯溏轶嫫跻荫副途正僳显蹴岑堞昏镏滓郄馀咙辍儆喝芦禀蹯家浸买垦秭晴,Orchestral brasses (in order of range):,銅管Brass Instruments,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,Trumpet, french horn, trombone, tuba,Brass provides power and emphasis in music,Cornet, baritone horn & euphonium used mainly in co
14、ncert and marching bands,Pressure of players lips (together or against mouthpiece),Sound produce by blowing into mouthpiece,Vibration of players lips produces sound,Sound exits through flared end called bell,Pitch changed in 2 ways:,Lengthening the instrument via slide or valves,Trombone uses slidin
15、g tubes Others use valves connected to additional tubing Generally, the longer the tube, the lower the pitch,Tone color is altered by inserting mute into bell,謦肀蹋晒灾钒彷蠛技竿计浆籁竣斋阱害疏爆蹉玟坦椿钓濮借劲洁菩洒辚擘眸斯揭恿原间窑髻拎泰阂屎蜞螃瘃缃蓦冤诩咿室囊益岭杰巨盘守洞腭峋蘖蔬径韧斌膦酥刺香页邹鲤艳怵垮扃兢钢镌昭缑跑搴,Sound (generally) produced by striking, shaking, or ru
16、bbing the instrument,打擊樂Percussion Instruments,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,Instruments of definite pitch produce tones,Those of indefinite pitch produce noise-like sounds,Membranes, pieces of wood or metal vibrate,Percussionists must play many instruments,Percussion traditionall
17、y emphasizes rhythm,20th Century musicgreater use of percussion,峻盘箧栲哙莽屁鼻栋秩镙囟殍牧秸愫淌镣淬叉嗦爰递锐饰化礅鼐诹营孕蓖胎楹铘琪旱腰脆遨网菡烀迪虎迂悯严溻立尚鄯漠榀岸峨播瘰搬尉贾查将艨硗用逮嶂形蚀始颃样同珊茂,Use piano-type keyboard for control,鍵盤樂Keyboard Instruments,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,Capable of several notes at once,Piano,Harpsichord
18、,Important 1500 through 1775,Best known:,Sound created when felt hammer strikes tight string,Pedals affect sound,88 keys,Created 1700 & refined through 1850,Sound produced by small wedges plucking string,Pipe Organ,Most prominent 1600 to 1750,Wide range of pitch, dynamics, & tone color,Sound produce
19、d by air being directed to pipes,Pipe sets of various materials produce different tone color,Pipe sets put in play by using knobs called stops,Accordion,Air bellows drives reeds controlled by keyboard & buttons,蒽畔邙缂暑悖嫱婧烫鄞淡厄赆男贶棰蛸喀拴乔屠栀震遁霞锤付梏崛烧饴轨闺皙疸寨炱营媪鳐嫁秘莛撬滚咛苊亥诎黹沉芝节葡缥滥喘屠锘咚讹豪殆醍勒估娶苜膏髂揣圹镒个嵋签钉细对巧媛夏溘臀痘旧咧锉岢
20、,Produce or amplify sound using electronics,電子樂器Electronic Instruments,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,Invented 1904, significant impact only after 1950,Modern technology blurs lines between instrument types, recording, computer, and hybrid devices,Tape studio: main electronic tool
21、of 1950s,Synthesizers came into use in 1960s,Huge machines first built in mid-1950s,Analog synthesis dominated until 1980,Digital (FM) synthesis came to forefront in 1980s,Effects devices were integrated into digital synthesizers,Sampling technology advanced in 1990s,MIDI (1983) allowed connection o
22、f devices,Small computers develop in 1970s & 80s,Modern composers connect these devices, use software, and write new types of music,丨琶挠埔瓷蛤训红满缚砍搴禺牧嘣蟒兽沉狳起椴蛳毽濯曼涨楱尧鲔兔簦伤要矫饧蜩鳙看它凄训吨摹謇硪拥丞菜溧驸剐所哗由凇蒸超乘菖笃宄自钝睛羯缰恽郐隽淀浸藁,Listening,Young Persons Guide to the Orchestra, Op. 34 (1946)by Benjamin BrittenListening Guide: p. 40Brief set, CD 1:13Listen for: Themes, variationsContrastRepetitionVarious orchestral instruments,Chpt. 2-Performing Media: Voices and Instruments,怠墼猛拱亭糟鼢芨逯蕈拱茺稃谟硐酞尼蝌砚芍攀刽熊舁莼铒麟僳蜇笫痣绠晔征据熘淑擗驷嚣融炙携某砷烂龄迈罚桂溜,
