1、自动化专业英语第一次课（3 学时）：问养成良好的阅读习惯。阅读是一种重要的技能，良好的阅读习惯是可以培养的。几种阅读方法：Skimming：浏览或者略读。只需要理解文章内容的大约 50%，快速地获取中心意思和重点。速度为 3001000WPM。关键是掌握英文的写作特点。将重点放在句首和句尾的主题句上。注意抓住关键词。Scanning：浏览或者查阅。查阅只需要从文章中有目的地迅速查找某一具体事实或者特定信息。Fast reading：快速阅读。速度为 200350 wpm。要求基本上理解文章内容。为了养成快速阅读的习惯，注意在阅读时不要发出声音；不要用铅笔、手指等在文字下移动；不要在自己不懂的单
2、词旁标注中文；不要中断阅读去查生词；不要逐字逐字地读。要从逐字逐字地读逐步改为按意群来读。精读：在阅读的同时对文章从各方面（包括语法、词汇、写作特点和中心思想）进行分析。要注意培养自己的中文阅读能力。要丰富自己的知识结构。要提高自己的词汇量。而所有这一切又都是要在阅读实践中来完成的。Part 1 Power Electronics TechnologyUnit 1A： Electrical Networks背景知识：这是一篇介绍电路理论的文献。电路可以分为有源电路和无源电路两种。构成电路的基本器件有：电压源、电流源、电阻、电感和电容。对于电路理论，最基本的问题就是列写和求解电路中各个变量（电压
3、和电流）的方程New words:power electronics technology: 电力电子技术 resultant a. （作为）结果（而产生）的、结局的、最后的be proportional to： 与成比例summation n. 相加、累加、求和 proportionality constant 比例常数、比例系数voltage source 电压源 current source 电流源derive vt. 取得、得到、形成、推导 vi. 起源、由来 magnitude 幅值 equivalent electrical circuit 等效电路Kirchhoff Law 基尔
4、霍夫定律inductor voltage 电感电压通篇词汇约 780 个 word，阅读时间 10 分钟解释：Ohm Law 欧姆定律。注：定理、定律与定义的区别。8 分钟的提问与答疑时间写作分析：An electrical circuit is 先说明什么是电路。 Since a network is composed of passive circuit elements自然过渡到下面的内容。接下来按顺序介绍电阻、电感和电容元件的电压和电流之间的关系。第 5 段对第 2 至第 4 段进行总结。第 6 段和第 7 段开始介绍有源元件。第 8 段，A common method of anal
5、yzing an electrical network is , 开始介绍一种分析电路的方法：回路电流法。然后用两个例子，说明如何使用回路电流法来列写电压和电流的方程。翻译示例：An electrical circuit or network is composed of elements such as resistors, inductors, and capacitors connected together in some manner. If the network contains no energy sources, such as batteries or electrical
6、 generators, it is known as a passive network. On the other hand, if one or more energy sources are present, the resultant combination is an active network. In studying the behavior of an electrical network, we are interested in determining the voltages and currents that exist within the circuit. Si
7、nce a network is composed of passive circuit elements, we must first define the electrical characteristics of these elements.电路或者电网络是由电阻、电感和电容等元件以某种方式连接而构成。如果在网络中没有电源，例如电池或者发电机，则称为无源电路。反之，如果网络中有一个或者多个电源则称为有源网络。在研究网络的行为时，我们所感兴趣的是电路中的电压与电流。由于一个网络是由各种无源的元件所构成，我们必须先确定这些元件的电特性。A summary of Eqs (1-1A-1),
8、(1-1A-2) ,(1-1A-4) for the three forms of passive circuit elements is given in Fig. 1-1A-1. Note that conventional current flow is used, hence the current in each element is shown in the direction of decreasing voltage.将方程(1-1A-1), (1-1A-2) ,(1-1A-4) 总结如图 1-1A-1 所示。请注意，由于采用了约定的电流方向，因此每个元件中的电流是沿着电压下降
9、的方向流动。A common method of analyzing an electrical network is mesh or loop analysis. The fundamental law that is applied in this method is Kirchhoffs first law, which states that the algebraic sum of the voltage around a closed loop is 0, or, in any closed loop, the sum of the voltage rises must equal
10、 the sum of the voltage drop. Mesh analysis consists of assuming that currentstermed loop currentsflow in each loop of a network, algebraically summing the voltage drops around each loop, and setting each sum equal to 0.分析电网络的一个方法称为网孔（或者回路）电流法。该方法所使用的一个基本定律是基尔霍夫第一定律，该定律表述为：沿着一个封闭回路的电压代数和为 0，或者：沿着一个封
11、闭的回路，电压降之和等于电压升之和。在网孔分析法中，假设每个网孔有一个电流流过，称为回路电流；然后将每个回路的电压降进行代数相加并令其为 0。Fig 1-1A-3b shows a series circuit containing a resistor, inductor, and capacitor. Following the mesh-analysis method outlined above, the circuit equation is eidtCRdtiL1Recalling that current i=dq/dt , a substitution of this vari
12、able may be made to eliminated the integral from the equation. The result is the second-order differential equation.eCqdtRtL2图 1-1A-3b 为电阻、电感和电容的串联电路。按照上述的网孔分析法，电路的方程为： eidtdtiL1由于电流 i=dq/dt ,将该变量代换可以消去方程中的积分项并得到一个二阶微分方程： eidtCRdtiL1B：Three-phase Circuit背景知识：这是一篇介绍三相电路的文献。三相电路在强电的输送和配电上普遍应用。与单相电路相比较
13、，三相电路具有输送电效率高、功率平稳等优点。要掌握三相电路中各相电压、电流之间的关系；三相电路的两种基本接法：三角形和 Y 形接法以及相电流、相电压、线电流、线电压之间的关系。New words:Power factor 功率因数 energize vt. 给能量、加强、激励、使精力充沛alternating ad. 交变的 alternating current 交流电sine-wave 正弦波armature n. 电枢wye-connection y 连接delta-connection 三角连接phase-voltage 相电压line-voltage 线电压phasor 向量、矢量
14、vector 阅读时间 12 分钟（please pay more attention to subtitles）解释：Three-phase machinery and control equipment are smaller, lighter in weight, and more efficient than single-phase equipment of the same rated capacity.三相电机或者控制设备与同等容量的单相设备相比，体积小、重量轻且效率高。the distribution of three-phase power requires only thr
15、ee-fourths as much line copper as does the single-phase distribution of the same amount of power. 用三相传输法所消耗的铜只相当于单相传输法所传输同等电量所用铜的四分之三。8 分钟的提问与答疑时间翻译示例：It should be noted in Fig 1-1B-2 that each phasor is lettered with two subscripts. The two letters indicate the two points between which the voltage
16、exists, and the order of the letters indicates the relative polarity of the voltage during its positive half-cycle. For example, the symbol indicates a voltage between the ANEpoint A and N with the point A being positive with respect to point N during its positive half-cycle. In the phasor diagram s
17、hown, it has been assumed that the generator terminals were positive with respect to the neutral during the positive half-cycle. Since the voltage reverses every half-cycle, either polarity may be assumed if this polarity is assumed consistently for all three phases. It should be noted that if the p
18、olarity of point A with respect to N( ) is assumed for the ANEpositive half-cycle, then when used in the same phasor diagram should be ANEdrawn opposite to, or 180out of phase with, AN应当注意的是，在图 1-1B-2 中，每个向量都使用 2 个下标。2 个字母表示 2 点之间存在的电压，字母的顺序则表示在正半周中电压的极性。例如，表示 A 点和 N 点之间的电压，当正半周内 A 点相对 N 点的电压是正的。ANE
19、在向量图表示中已经假定发电机的端子在正半波内相对中性点是正的。由于电压每半周变化一次，只要三相的极性定义是一致的，每一相的极性就能确定。应当注意，如果将 A 点相对 N 点的极性（ ）定为正半周，那么ANE在用于同一向量图中时就应该画得与 相反，即相位相差 180。NAE ANThe voltage between any two line terminals of wye-connected generator is the difference between the potentials of these two terminals with respect to the neutral
20、. For example, the line voltage is equal to the voltage A with respect to neutral(ABE) minus the voltage B with respect to neutral( ). To subtract from , it ANE BNEBNEANis necessary to reverse and add this phase to . The two phasor and BN A Bare equal in length and are 60apart, as shown in Fig.1-1B-
21、2c. It may be shown graphically or proved by geometry that is equal to 1.73, ABEmultiplied by the value of either or . The graphical construction is shown ANEBin the phasor diagram. Therefore, in a balances wye-connection PLE73.1y 连接的发电机的两线端之间的电压就是这两线端相对中性点的电势的差。例如，线电压 等于 A 相对于中性点的电压（ ）减去 B 相对于中AN A
22、NE性点的电压（ ） 。为了从 中减去 可以将 反向，然后与 相加。BEANEBNBANE如图 1-1B-2c 所示， 与 长度相同，并有 60的角度差。可以通过几B何证明， 等于 1。73 乘以 或 的值。图形结构如向量图所示。因此ABANNB对于平衡的 y 连接电路： PLE73.1UNIT 2A： The Operational Amplifier背景知识：运算放大器是一种常用的电子器件。具有输入阻抗高、输出阻抗低、放大倍数大、性能稳定的特点。在利用运算放大器设计电路时，由于其放大倍数很大，电路的特性主要是由外部输入输出网络的特性决定，与放大器本身的特性关系不大，因此可以方便地构成各种电
23、子线路。New words:gain n.增益 parameter n. 参数transistor n. 晶体管filter n. 滤波器on the order of 在数量级KVL Kirchhoff Voltage Lawdenominator n. 分母numerator n. 分子15 分钟阅读时间解释：One problem with electronic devices corresponding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties o
24、f the two-port system.对于一般的放大器。一个问题是其增益 AU 或者 AI 取决于两端口系统的内部特性。 （分析书上的译句）We will instead study one example in detail= We will study one example in detail insteadNot shown： 名词，作为主语Operational amplifiers are differential devices 运算放大器为差动装置。8 分钟的提问与答疑时间翻译示例：One problem with electronic devices correspon
25、ding to the generalized amplifiers is that the gains, AU or AI, depend upon internal properties of the two-port system. This makes design difficult since these parameters usually vary from device to device, as well as with temperature. The operational amplifier, or OP-Amp, is designed to minimize th
26、is dependence and to maximize the ease of design. An OP-Amp is an integrated circuit that has many component parts such as resistors and transistors built into the device. At this point we will make no attempt to describe these inner workings.对于一般的放大器。一个问题是其增益 AU 或者 AI 取决于两端口系统的内部特性。这就使得由于各个器件参数的差异以
27、及温度的变化，而造成设计的困难。运算放大器就设计成使电子器件的设计对上述依赖性最小且设计尽可能容易。运算放大器就是由许多电阻、晶体管组成的集成电路器件。我们不准备讲述其内部工作原理。A totally general analysis of the Op-Amp is beyond the scope of some texts. We will instead study one example in detail, then present the two Op-Amp laws and show how they can be used for analysis in many prac
28、tical circuit applications. These two principles allow one to design many circuits without a detailed understanding of the device physics. Hence, Op-Amp are quite useful for researchers in a variety of technical fields who need to build simple amplifiers, but not want to design at the transistor lev
29、el. In the texts of electrical circuits and electronics they will also show how to build simple filter circuits using Op-Amp. The transistor amplifiers, which are the building blocks from which Op-Amp integrated circuit are constructed, will be discussed.对运算放大器进行详尽地分析超出了本书的范围。我们将详细地学习一个例子，并给出运算放大器的两
30、个法则用以展示其是如何应用于许多实际应用的分析。这两个法则使我们可以设计许多电路而无须深入了解运算放大器的内部特性。因此，对于不同技术领域的研究人员，当他们要构造一些简单的放大器但是又不愿意在晶体管级进行设计时，运算放大器是很有用的。在电路和电子技术的文献中可以找到如何用运算放大器构造简单的滤波器。我们将对构成运算放大器的基本部件：晶体管放大器进行讨论。This shows that if A is very large, then the gain of the circuit is independent of the exact value of A and can be control
31、led by the choice of R1 and R2. This is one of the key feature of Op-Amp designthe action of the circuit on signals depends upon the external elements which can be easily varied by the designer and which do not depend upon the detailed character of the Op-Amp itself. Note that if A=100,000 and (R1+R
32、2)/R1=10, the price we have paid for this advantage is that we have used a device with a voltage gain of 100,000 to produce an amplifier with gain of 10. In some sense, by using an Op-Amp we trade off “power” for “control”.以上表明，如果 A 非常大，则电路的增益与 A 无关且仅由 R1 和 R2. 决定。这是运算放大器的一个非常关键的特性，在信号作用下，电路动作仅取决于很容
33、易为设计者所改变的外部元件。注意到，如果 A=100,000 而 (R1+R2)/R1=10，我们为以上好处所付出的代价就是用一个增益为 100，000的器件得到一个增益为 10 的放大器。换句话说，通过使用运算放大器，我们是用“功率”换取“控制” 。第二次课（3 学时）对于阅读，词汇量是一个非常关键的因素，是提高阅读速度的首要条件。那么如何提高词汇量呢？最关键的是，扩大阅读量，除此之外，就是要记一定量的词根。英语的来源有几个方面，一个是古英语（盎格鲁-撒克逊语源） ，另一个就是希腊语和古罗马语。这些语源现在已经演化为英语的词根。一般地来说英语的单词由词素（词根、词缀）构成，词缀又分为前缀和后
34、缀两种。（前缀）+词根+(后缀)=单词单词基本的词义由词根决定，而词缀则为单词添加附加的词义。常用的词根就是三百多个，建议每个同学根据自己的能力，记忆相应数量的词根以扩大自己的词汇量。在快速阅读时，往往会遇到不熟悉的单词，此时不要轻易地停下来查词典，而是要利用自己的智慧来猜测该单词的含义。方法无非有以下几种：根据该单词的词根（如果有的话）根据上下文例 1：An iconoclast is a person who deliberately breaks traditions.例 2：Venomous snakes, such as the rattlesnakes, the copperhea
35、d, or the coral snake, are to be avoided.例 3：The minaret that the Moslems built stood tall, slender, and graceful above the other buildings in the town.例 4：John was very excited about the award, but Smith seemed indifferent.例 5：It is sometimes said that only primitive people have taboos. That is not
36、 necessarily so. Even advanced cultures like ours have them. In America, for example, it is taboo to speak directly about death.综合例 1：Each office contained some type of medical specialist. In one was family practitioner; in another, an obstetrician; in another, a radiologist; and in another, a hemat
37、ologist.UNIT 3A：Logical Variables and Flip-flop背景知识：逻辑变量就是取值为“真”和“假”或者“0”和“1”的变量。逻辑变量和逻辑运算（逻辑代数）在数字线路和计算机技术中使用得很多。常用的逻辑运算有：“与运算” 、 “或运算”和“非运算” 。逻辑运算可以使用各类逻辑器件来实现。New wordsoperation n. 运算 terminology n. 术语 aptness n. 恰当、合理designation n. 赋值、委派cockpit n. 驾驶舱 cabin n. 坐舱deduce vt. 推断 presumable ad. 可假定的
38、、可推断的property n. 特性、房地产 if and only if 当且仅当 reason vt. 推理recapitulate vt in the second case, it achieves its control when it goes to logic 0.对于与非门和或非门（与门和或门也一样） ，当我们使用时，可以任意选择一个输入端子并将其作为使能-禁止输入端。因此，考虑一个或门或者一个或非门，如果所选择的输入端为逻辑，则该门电路的输出不再受其他输入的影响。所选择的输入控制了门电路且该门电路相对其他输入来说是禁止的。反之，如果所选的输入为逻辑 0，则其无控制作用，门电
39、路对其他输入来说是可用的。对于一个与非门或者一个与门，所选的输入当取值逻辑 0 时起控制作用。当一个输入端子为逻辑 0 时门电路的输出对其他输入无响应。B：Binary Number System背景知识：二进制、八进制和十六进制是计算机技术的基础。一个数可以用多种代码来表示；例如 BCD 码、Gray 码等。为了减少代码在传输、接受以及其他处理过程中出现的错误，可以利用奇偶校验法来检查错误。New wordsweight n. 权power n. 幂 radix n. 基数fraction n. 分数、小数equivalent n. 等值、等效successive ad. 接连的、连续的ev
40、en-parity 偶校验 odd-parity 奇校验 employ vt. 应用阅读时间：12 分解释：Given the basic idea of a chain of positive and negative, or positive and zero, or zero and negative pulses as representing binary 1s and 0s, there are many possible codes in which the pulses might be transmitted.基于使用正脉冲、负脉冲或者正脉冲、零或者零、负脉冲来表示 1 和
41、0 的基本思想，可以用这些脉冲来传递各种二进制编码。Because of alignment errors, two bits cannot change simultaneously and uncertainty is introduced. ?8 分钟的提问与答疑时间翻译示例：Shannon, in 1938, recognized the parallels between this form of algebra and the functioning electrical switching systems, in that switches are two-state, on-a
42、nd-off devices. The reasoning process called for by Boolean algebra are implemented through switches, acting as electronics logic circuits.香农在 1938 年意识到该代数的形式和电子开关（这一类开关具有通-断两种状态）的功能的相似性。布尔代数所需的推理过程是通过开关来实现的，这些开关起着逻辑电路的作用。 In the decimal system the base or radix is 10, and each position to the left
43、or right of decimal point presents an increased or decreased weight as power of 10. In binary system the radix is 2, and the positions to the left or right of the binary point carry weight increasing or decreasing in power of 2. Numbers are coded into chains of two-level pulses, with the levels usua
44、lly designated as 1 and 0, as shown in Fig.1-3B-1.十进制系统的基数为 10，且从小数点每左进一位或者右退一位，其权增加或者减少 10 的幂次。二进制系统的基数为 2，且从小数点每左进一位或者右退一位，其权增加或者减少 2 幂次。每个数可以用一串 2 电平的脉冲来记录，这些电平往往用 0 或者 1 来表示，正如图 1-3B-1 所示。The BCD code can be extended to decimal 15 without requiring additional bits for transmittal; it then become
45、s a hexadecimal code, usually employing the letters a,b,f for the decimal number 10 through 15BCD 码可以无须增加位数就将表示范围扩展到十进制的 15。因此可以变成十六- 十进制码。通常使用英文字母 a，b， ，f 表示十进制的 10 到5。Another code that is employed in some computer operations is the octal or radix-8 system. The permitted symbols are 0,1,2,7,and the
46、 decimal number 24 is written as octal 30(38 1+08 0). Binary coding of octal numbers requires only the three least-significant bits of the BCD table, and binary coding of octal 30 is 011000.用于计算机运算的另一种码是 8 进制码。这种码只使用符号0,1,2,7，且十进制数 24 表示为 8 进制的 30(38 1+08 0)。8 进制数的二进制编码只须 BCD 表中的最后 3 位，8 进制的 30 的二进制
47、编码为 011000。Since decimal 24 is written 11000 in pure binary form, and 011 000 in octal coded form, an easy means of conversion from binary number to octal number is indicated. By setting off the binary number in group of three bits, each group appear as an equivalent octal-coded number. For instance
48、, decimal 1206 in binary is 10010110110. In groups of three bits we have:Binary 010 010 110 110Octal 2 2 6 6and the octal number is 2266.因为十进制数 24 的纯二进制形式为 11000，而 8 进制编码形式为 011 000，给了一种从二进制数转换为 8 进制数的启发。通过将二进制数每三个一组分组，每一组都对应一个等效的 8 进制编码。例如，十进制数 1206 的二进制数为 10010110110，每三位一组则有：二进制 010 010 110 1108 进
49、制 2 2 6 68 进制数为：2266。UNIT 4A：Diode and Thyristors背景知识：二极管和可控硅都是常用的电子器件。我们都知道当二极管为正向偏置时，就处于导通状态（其管压降很小）或者说正向电阻很小；当其为反向偏置时，就处于阻断状态反向电阻很大，只有很小的漏电流（leakage current）流过二极管。当可控硅为正向偏置时且控制极上加有一定幅值的正电压，就处于导通状态，当可控硅导通后，控制极就失去了作用；只有当其处于反向偏置或者流经其的电流为零一段时间后，才能重新回到阻断状态。New words:forward biased 正向偏置 conduct v. 导通 leakage a. 漏的 leakage current 漏电流heat sink 散热 blocking voltage 阻断电压 line frequency 工频transient n. 暂态、瞬态 rms root of mean square 有效值、均方根值zero crossover 过零点 rectify vt. 整流、改正 ele
