1、如何運用實證醫學資料庫 快速回答臨床問題 Quickly & Effectively,2,臨床人員的處境: Solution,時間有限、情況緊急: Quickly 醫療資訊太多: Effectively 醫學進步太快: Current 病人的期望: Best 缺乏Time勝於缺乏Skill在搜尋與評讀上,3,理想的解決方案,以最好的實證資訊,快速答覆所有的問題 把尋找證據、嚴格評讀的重擔交給研究者與作者 臨床人員在使用實證資源時 快速(最好當下即可取得與應用) 確實能夠提供答案,4,今日節目表,認識證據等級 搜尋實證障礙 實證資源類型 PICO、關鍵字與MeSH Term 資訊檢索概念 Sum
2、maries Databases PubMed Database 動動腦時間,5,認識證據等級,表濃縮自: Oxford Centre for EBM Levels of Evidence http:/ 設計嚴謹 偏差少,證據力弱 設計薄弱 偏差多,並非所有臨床問題都可找到最高等級文獻,但應盡可能使用等級高的證據來源,6,搜尋實證障礙,不知道怎麼定義關鍵字 PICO, plus 同義字, MeSH Terms 資源太多,不知道從何下手 Filtered Resources FIRST, plus Unfiltered Resources 不熟悉搜尋方式 只找到/看到片面現象(B),而非貼近事實
3、(A) (Information bias),7,5S EBM Resources (非關證據強弱!),Model from: Haynes, R. B. (2006). Of studies, syntheses, synopses, summaries, and systems: the “5S“ evolution of information services for evidence-based health care decisions. ACP Journal Club, 145(3), A8.,整合證據提供特定臨床問題之概述與建議 ACP PIER BMJ Clinical E
4、vidence DynaMed FirstConsult UpToDate,對單篇研究或回顧性文獻作摘要與評述 ACP Journal Club, Evidence-Based Medicine (PubMed, Ovid Medline),特定臨床問題的系統性評論文獻 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (PubMed, Ovid Medline): Systematic Reviews,連結個別病歷的臨床知識與支援決策系統,原始文獻 (PubMed, Ovid
5、 Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE Cochrane CENTRAL, Google Scholar CEPS中文電子期刊, 中文期刊篇目索引),愈上層 資訊精萃 簡單的關鍵字 省時搜尋與評讀 快速支援決策 由下層積累,愈下層 文獻雜多 完整的關鍵字 費時搜尋與評讀 注重檢索技巧 資訊新穎,3.synopses,4.syntheses,5.studies,1.systems,Filtered Resources,Unfiltered Resources,Meta Search TRIP SUMsearch,2.summaries,8,Synopses: EBM Journals
6、MMH Library,ACP Journal Club (P+E) Evidence Based Medicine (P+E) Bandolier (free E) Evidence-Based Cardiovascular Medicine (E) Evidence-Based Dentistry (P) Evidence-Based Eye Care (E) Evidence-Based Gastroenterology (E) Evidence-Based Health Policy & Management (E) Evidence-Based Healthcare (E) Evid
7、ence-Based Mental Health (E) Evidence-Based Obstetrics & Gynecology (E) Evidence-Based Oncology (E),9,Where to start looking for,省力原則: 5S 由上往下 Summaries (Critically-Appraised Topics) Synopses (Critically-Appraised Individual Articles) Syntheses (Systematic Reviews) Studies (Original Papers) 無從下手時: M
8、eta Search、Google Search 不熟悉哪個資源可以回答這個臨床問題、慣用的資源找不到答案 但請謹慎 很多來源缺乏critical appraisal 訂購資源可能不在搜尋範圍內 只看到片面現象 Background Information / Expert Opinion E-Textbook Drug Information Micromedex,PubMed Ovid Medline,10,Filtered Resources (secondary),我能相信summaries或systematic reviews嗎? 如果 沒有利益衝突 清楚陳述問題 完整搜尋並取得相關
9、研究 明確篩選準則,並列出參考書目 嚴格評讀原始研究 可再現(reproducible)相關決策 定期評論與更新,確保新證據沒有被遺漏 Unsystematic narrative review 混合個人意見和證據,而證據也常岀自reviewer個人的選擇,Heneghan C, Badenoch D (2006). Evidence-based Medicine Toolkit. Haynes, RB (2006). Of studies, syntheses, synopses, summaries, and systems: the “5S“ evolution of informati
10、on services for evidence-based health care decisions. ACP Journal Club, 145(3), A8.,structured approach,11,Unfiltered Resources (primary),何時需要搜尋 Unfiltered Resources 系統評論來自於 underpowered (small) trials Filtered resources還未處理所關注的臨床問題,Haynes, RB (2006). Of studies, syntheses, synopses, summaries, and
11、systems: the “5S“ evolution of information services for evidence-based health care decisions. ACP Journal Club, 145(3), A8.,12,臨床情境 1 (王瑩玉藥師贊助播出),李先生是一位62 歲的已婚男士,育有一男一女,最近醫師告訴他有攝護腺肥大。 醫師處方 Finasteride (proscar*) 5mg/day 建議至少給3 6個月,才會改善尿流速、急尿及排尿困難。 他上網查得服藥可使攝護腺細胞不再增生,改善症狀,但也會有性功能障礙。 醫師為何又檢查PSA,難道有可能發
12、生前列腺癌嗎? 朋友介紹他吃保健食品proseren,請問藥師的意見。,13,關於朋友介紹的鋸棕櫚 saw palmetto,14,PICO: 將臨床問題架構化為適當關鍵字,BPH OR benign prostatic hyperplasia,saw palmetto OR serenoa serrulata OR serenoa repens,Finasteride OR 5-reductase inhibitor,urinary symptoms OR urinary flow,15,PICO: 將臨床問題架構化為適當關鍵字,Sexual dysfunction OR impotence
13、 OR libido decreased,BPH OR benign prostatic hyperplasia,saw palmetto OR serenoa serrulata OR serenoa repens,Finasteride OR 5-reductase inhibitor,Summaries,ACP PIER BMJ Clinical Evidence DynaMed FirstConsult UpToDate,17,UpToDate: Search,BPH,18,UpToDate: Result 症狀改善 - Saw palmetto,19,UpToDate: Result
14、 性功能障礙 - Finasteride,20,UpToDate: Result 性功能障礙 - Saw palmetto,21,UpToDate: Result Summary and recommendations- Saw palmetto,22,UpToDate: Result Saw palmetto brand names & quality criteria,Summaries,ACP PIER BMJ Clinical Evidence DynaMed FirstConsult UpToDate,24,DynaMed: Search,BPH,25,DynaMed: Result
15、 症狀改善 - Finasteride vs Saw palmetto,26,DynaMed: Result Saw palmetto,27,DynaMed: Result Finasteride,Summaries,ACP PIER BMJ Clinical Evidence DynaMed FirstConsult UpToDate,29,FirstConsult: Result Order of therapies,BPH,30,FirstConsult: Result 症狀改善 - Finasteride vs Saw palmetto,Finasteride,Saw palmetto
16、,DynaMed :level 2,31,FirstConsult: Result 性功能障礙 - Finasteride vs Saw palmetto,Finasteride,Saw palmetto,Summaries,ACP PIER BMJ Clinical Evidence DynaMed FirstConsult UpToDate,33,Clinical Evidence: Search,Benign prostatic hyperplasia,34,Clinical Evidence: Result Clinical Questions,35,Clinical Evidence
17、: Result 症狀改善 - Finasteride vs Saw palmetto,36,Clinical Evidence: Result 症狀改善 - Finasteride vs Saw palmetto,37,Clinical Evidence: Result 性功能障礙 - Finasteride vs Saw palmetto,38,Clinical Evidence: Result Comment - Finasteride vs Saw palmetto,39,Clinical Evidence: Grade,About GRADE: http:/ SR of RCTs,P
18、roblem with 2 category,Population AND outcome not generaliseable,All/most studies show benefit (or harm),Summaries,ACP PIER BMJ Clinical Evidence DynaMed FirstConsult UpToDate,41,ACP PIER: Search,BPH,42,ACP PIER: Result Whats New,43,ACP PIER: Result Saw palmetto,44,ACP PIER: Result Finasteride,證據比較:
19、,證據總結比較: Saw palmetto vs Finasteride,來源: 藥劑部王瑩玉技術主任,level 2,資料庫特性比較,1 UpToDate把同Medical Condition拆分為Diagnosis、Therapy等為一個Topic,故數量顯得相對多,47,Summaries DB: 小結,為何用Summaries型資料庫 搜尋: 簡單、可搜尋全文內容 呈現: 評讀的精簡資訊 (並附summary)、推薦與證據 應用: 快速支援臨床決策 怎麼用Summaries型資料庫 將拿手主題來搜尋所有資料庫一輪 挑出一兩個滿意的資料庫拿來應急 使用WhatNew、Broswe來常保新
20、鮮 對呈現的證據永遠保持合理懷疑 提出質疑給出版社 提供建議給圖書館,資訊檢索概念,布林邏輯 同義字 自由詞彙 vs 控制詞彙,49,資訊檢索概念: 布林邏輯 AND,地瓜,營養,AND,50,資訊檢索概念: 布林邏輯 OR,蕃藷,地瓜,OR,地 瓜,蕃 薯,51,資訊檢索概念: 布林邏輯 NOT,地瓜,NOT,52,資訊檢索概念: 布林邏輯運算規則,由左至右進行運算 (有的系統是先AND,後OR)BPH AND sexual dysfunction OR impotence ( X ) dysfunction OR impotence AND BPH ( O )加括弧先運算 BPH AND
21、(sexual dysfunction OR impotence) ( O )4 x ( 2 + 3 )= BPH AND sexual dysfunction OR BPH AND impotence4 x 2 + 4 x 3,53,同義字,inhibitor inhibitorspediatric paediatricBPH benign prostatic hyperplasiasaw palmetto serenoa serrulata serenoa repens,單複數,英美拼法,全名縮寫,同義異形字,(用MeSH可避免大部分困擾),translation,translation,
22、database Medline,queries,Standard (MeSH),透過控制讓使用者和作者一致,自由詞彙派 Free Text,控制詞彙派 Controlled Vocabulary,saw palmetto,user,Serenoa MeSH,MeSH: Serenoa,authors,articles,使用者要設法 和 作者心意相通,reference: http:/www.uofaweb.ualberta.ca/slis/pdfs/LIS_502_week5.ppt,較大型或精緻的書目資料庫 通常同時有這兩種機制,電台插播: 武林上有兩大派檢索機制,OR saw palme
23、ttoTIAB,55,MeSH: Medical Subject Headings,(Saw palmetto),同義字控制,MeSH 主標題詞,MeSH 樹狀主題表,PubMed / Ovid Medline,PICO檢索與組合 限定期刊: ACP Journal Club, Cochrane Reviews 篩選: Systematic Reviews 篩選: Clinical Study Category,57,PubMed: 介面與功能,檢索及功能區塊,進階功能與服務,http:/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?holding=itwmmh
24、lib&tool=itwmmhlib,58,PICO: 將臨床問題架構化為適當關鍵字,Sexual dysfunction OR impotence OR libido decreased,BPH OR benign prostatic hyperplasia,saw palmetto OR serenoa serrulata OR serenoa repens,Finasteride OR 5-reductase inhibitor,59,PubMed: 一次搜尋 (BPH縮寫),BPH AND Finasteride AND saw palmetto AND sexual dysfunct
25、ion,60,PubMed: 一次搜尋,benign prostatic hyperplasia AND Finasteride AND saw palmetto AND sexual dysfunction,61,PICO: 將臨床問題架構化為適當關鍵字,sexual dysfunction OR impotence OR libido,BPH OR benign prostatic hyperplasia,saw palmetto OR serenoa serrulata OR serenoa repens,Finasteride OR 5-reductase inhibitor,62,D
26、emo: P,BPH OR benign prostatic hyperplasia,輸入 P 關鍵字,63,Demo: P,P的檢索結果,64,Demo: I,輸入 I 關鍵字,saw palmetto OR serenoa serrulata OR serenoa repens,65,Demo: I,Finasteride OR 5-reductase inhibitor,輸入 C 關鍵字,66,Demo: O,sexual dysfunction OR impotence OR libido,輸入O 關鍵字,67,#3 AND #4 AND #5 AND #6,進行組合檢索,68,Pub
27、Med: P I C O 彈性組合,P,I,O,P I C O,P I C,P C O,C,避免某個面向檢索結果很低,影響整體檢索結果 檢索結果低時,易修正檢索策略 方便後續彈性組合檢索 PICO何者重要? 取決於臨床問題特性、檢索者目的和時間、文獻需求質量,P I O,彈性組合,分次搜尋,一次搜尋,69,PubMed: 限定期刊(ACP, Cochrane),AND“ACP Journal Club“Jour OR,acp,#4,70,PubMed: 限定期刊,71,ACP Journal Club摘述並評論NEJM的一篇10頁文章成為1頁的精簡Review,節省自行評讀與判斷文章參考價值的
28、時間,原始文獻出處,適用領域,評讀者,評論,評讀所參考書目,評讀內容,72,PubMed: 限定 Cochrane Reviews,Review Serenoa repens for benign prostatic hyperplasia,一篇完整Cochrane Review的結構 包含這些資訊:,73,PubMed: 篩選Systematic Reviews,#8,74,PubMed: 篩選Systematic Reviews,75,PubMed: 篩選Clinical Study Category,#8,therapy/narrow: 篩選出RCTs therapy/broad: 篩選
29、出Clinical Trials,品質要有保證,文章盡量找齊,76,PubMed : 篩選Clinical Study Category,76/65,選擇therapy/narrow後自動最佳化篩選策略,77,PubMed: Clinical Study: therapy,your Search AND ( (clinicalTitle/Abstract AND trialTitle/Abstract) OR clinical trialsMeSH Terms OR clinical trialPublication Type OR random*Title/Abstract OR rando
30、m allocationMeSH Terms OR therapeutic useMeSH Subheading ),your Search AND ( randomized controlled trialPublication Type OR (randomizedTitle/Abstract AND controlledTitle/Abstract AND trialTitle/Abstract) ),78,PubMed: Clinical Study: diagnosis,your Search AND ( sensitiv*Title/Abstract OR sensitivity
31、and specificityMeSH Terms OR diagnos*Title/Abstract OR diagnosisMeSH:noexp OR diagnostic * MeSH:noexp OR diagnosis,differentialMeSH:noexp OR diagnosisSubheading:noexp ),your Search AND (specificityTitle/Abstract),79,PubMed: History,可以在此輸入#數字、關鍵字、布林邏輯運算元等做組合檢索,點#數字彈跳選項,看此筆檢索結果,80,PubMed: Details,使用者輸
32、入關鍵字,系統的最終的檢索策略,系統的轉譯過程,常見欄位名稱 MeSH Terms: 醫學主題標題詞 TIAB: Title與Abstract欄位 Substance Name: 物質名稱 Text Word: 所有文字欄位,含Title、Abstract 、MeSH terms、Publication Types、Substance Names、Personal Name All Fileds: 所有欄位,81,PubMed: Details 讓系統轉譯正確技巧,盡可能輸入全名: BPH vs. Benign prostatic hyperplasia搜尋後檢查Details,再適當修正必要
33、時可查詢MeSH Database確認用語: : sexual dysfunction,系統如何自動轉譯 關鍵字轉譯時除了自動比對MeSH,同時也檢索Free Text(篇名、摘要)等欄位 若比對不到MeSH,自動檢索Free Text欄位 自動包含(explode)所有狹義詞 關鍵字加了雙引號 “ ” 或 星號 * 就不會被比對MeSH,82,PubMed: Display & Sent to,勾選所需書目(不勾即全部),再下拉Display選單擇定其一,稍待數秒,畫面即切換成所選之顯示格式,接著再做Send to,Send to 輸出目的地 File: 存成純文字檔案 Clipboard:
34、 送到暫存剪貼簿(8hrs) E-Mail: 寄到指定信箱,Display 顯示格式 Summary: 簡易書目 (預設) Abstract: 書目+摘要+出版類型 +電子全文連結 Abstract Plus: 書目+摘要+相關文獻顯示+電子全文連結 Citation: 書目+摘要+出版類型+MeSH term+電子全文連結 MEDLINE: 原始Medline格式 (適用於EndNote匯入),83,PubMed: 小結,良好的PICO,包含同義詞與MeSH Term 適當使用MeSH Details* MeSH Database Display Citation Limits: EBM J
35、ournals (ACP Jour Club, Cochrane) Clinical Queries: Systematic Reviews Clinical Queries: Clinical Study Category + MyNCBI個人化服務: 儲存策略、證據送到家,動 動 腦 時 間,剛剛學的都是紮紮實實的基本功 現在靈活運用時間到囉!,85,臨床情境 2 (鄭世榮醫師贊助播出),羅女士現年77歲,已婚,未受教育。其72歲時因為出現記憶減退(如煮菜忘了關火,拿東西忘了要拿什麼),家事功能衰退,以及 被偷妄想、被害妄想(認為物品被偷,鄰居妯娌要陷害她),而由女兒半哄騙、半強制下帶至老
36、年精神科門診求治。 當時的腦部電腦斷層顯示除腦部呈現老化萎縮 現象外沒有出血或其他異樣,血液、生化、甲狀腺素及梅毒血清免疫檢驗均無特殊異常,無頭部外傷史,無物質濫用史,簡易精神狀態檢查 (Mini Mental Status Examination,MMSE)分數為12分,診斷為阿茲海默氏病伴隨妄想,除了給予使用rivastigmine藥物治療其認知缺損外,同時針對其妄想等精神症狀給予非典型抗精神病藥物risperidone治療並達到症狀之改善。,86,臨床情境 2 (鄭世榮醫師贊助播出),但個案的精神症狀一經停止使用risperidone藥物即復發,造成家人照顧 壓力與情緒困擾,只好持續服用
37、藥物數年。 但是最近一次門診家屬看到報紙刊載失智老人服用抗精神病藥物會致死,且 失智更嚴重的相關報導,非常恐慌,希望醫療人員能給予確定的證據與說明。 並提供其他有效的非藥物方法可以幫助個案,增強其記憶力,並減輕精神症狀。,87,PICO: 將臨床問題架構化為適當關鍵字,88,Exercise: PubMed,Q1.用什麼方式可快速篩選“最佳”證據?,(1),(2),89,Exercise: PubMed,Q2.下列關鍵字何者適當?(1) dementia AND non-pharmacological OR non-drug(2) dementia AND (non-pharmacologic
38、al OR non-drug),90,91,Exercise: PubMed,Q3. I關鍵字: non-pharmacological OR non-drug只找到23篇,若還想找到更多,有什麼同義字可以補充?,92,93,94,95,96,Exercise: 回到PubMed努力!,原來如此 non-drug OR no-pharmacological = music OR exercise = pet OR massage OR touch所以 (non-drug OR no-pharmacological OR music OR exercise OR pet OR massage O
39、R touch) AND dementia,97,Exercise: 有適合的MeSH Term嗎?,答案就是 Alternative therapy,98,Quickly & Effectively,Filtered Resources FIRST Critically Appraisal Topics Critically Appraisal Articles Systematic Reviews 簡單的關鍵字 PICO: P or I輕鬆的搜尋方式,Unfiltered Resources PLUS Original Papers (levels of evidence)完整的關鍵字 P
40、ICO 同義字 MeSH Term良好的搜尋策略,99,5S EBM Resources (非關證據強弱!),Model from: Haynes, R. B. (2006). Of studies, syntheses, synopses, summaries, and systems: the “5S“ evolution of information services for evidence-based health care decisions. ACP Journal Club, 145(3), A8.,整合證據提供特定臨床問題之概述與建議 ACP PIER BMJ Clinica
41、l Evidence DynaMed FirstConsult UpToDate,對單篇研究或回顧性文獻作摘要與評述 ACP Journal Club, Evidence-Based Medicine (PubMed, Ovid Medline),特定臨床問題的系統性評論文獻 Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects (PubMed, Ovid Medline): Systematic Reviews,連結個別病歷的臨床知識與支援決策系統,原始文獻 (PubMed, O
42、vid Medline, CINAHL, EMBASE Cochrane CENTRAL, Google Scholar CEPS中文電子期刊, 中文期刊篇目索引),愈上層 資訊精萃 簡單的關鍵字 省時搜尋與評讀 快速支援決策 由下層積累,愈下層 文獻雜多 完整的關鍵字 費時搜尋與評讀 注重檢索技巧 資訊新穎,3.synopses,4.syntheses,5.studies,1.systems,Filtered Resources,Unfiltered Resources,Meta Search TRIP SUMsearch,2.summaries,謝 謝 聆 聽 ,(大英圖書館一景),週 末 放 輕 鬆 ,(大英圖書館一景),