1、1英译汉第一节 英汉差异英译汉题是一小段英语原文，要求译成汉语。这项试题的目的是检查考生对英语书面材料的理解能力，要求译文意思准确，文字通顺。翻译时语言一般要求朴实、简明、准确，也就是，说明清楚而不书面化，表达准确让人一看就懂，不拖泥带水，条理清晰。译文要力求忠实原文，能直译则直译。也就是说如果直译出来的汉语通顺就直译，不便于直译的英语句子在处理时，要力求在忠实于原文的基础上，使译文通顺做好翻译题的关键在于了解英汉两种语言的差异，把握两种语言不同的用语习惯，熟悉常见的翻译技巧，按照“忠实”、“通顺”两大原则，使译文尽可能多地反映原文信息。英汉两种语言分属不同的语系，无论在构成形式上还是在内在逻
2、辑关联上都有较大的差别。1、 语言形式的差别：英汉就是形合(hypotaxis)和意合(parataxis)的对比。英文强调形式，句子按照语法规则组合，强调形式的完美。汉语看重逻辑，句子一般按照时间、事理顺序排列，强调内在逻辑。具体来说，英语比较注重句子结构形式的完整性和逻辑的合理性。英语的语法成分都具有独立的作用，其句子的从属关系大多是用连接词，如“if, although, because, when, in order that, so”等表现出来，即英语句子往往以形统神，以丰满的形态变化制约句子的格局；而汉语句法关系主要靠词序和语义关系表达，句子中成分与成分之间的关系比较内在化、隐含化
3、、模糊化，往往并不追求形式的完整，而只求达意而已。天长地久有时尽，此恨绵绵无绝期。The boundless sky and endless earth may pass away, but this vow unfulfilled will be regretted for aye. (许渊冲译 )。具体体现在汉语中较少使用关联词，不强调分句间的从属，经常出现无主句等，句子结构如同竹形结构(bamboo-type), 一节一节地连下去；而英文句子结构则如同树形结构 (tree- type),从主干伸展开去。It was so cold that the lake was frozen.天很冷
4、，湖面都结冰了。We will not attack others unless we are attacked. 另外，从形式上看，汉语多简单分句，英语多复合长句。因此，在汉译英的过程中要注意合并汉语短句；英译汉过程中要注意拆分英语长句。I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.我同样认为，欧洲应该更加团结，应该用共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。Chil
5、ly gusts with a taste of rain in them had almost dispeopled the streets.阵阵寒风，夹杂着雨意，街上冷冷清清，几乎没有什么行人了。2、信息重点的差别：英语句子的信息重点在前，汉语句子的信息重点在后。所谓的信息重点主要是指句子的主谓结构。由于英文中的主谓结构一般在句子前半部分出现，而汉语的谓语动词往往出现在句子后半部分。英语民族往往是把句子的重要信息置于次要信息2之前，而汉民族则恰恰相反。具体说来，两种语言在叙述事物发展过程的句子里,汉语句子的时间顺序和逻辑关系常常是按照由先到后,由因到果,由假设到推论,由事实到结论的先后顺序
6、来排列的,而英语句子则采取相反的顺序,往往是先表示个人的感受、态度或是首先就事情本身做评价,然后再叙述事情的来龙去脉,从而形成句式上的先短后长、头轻脚重的语言现象。 It is of great help to master a foreign language. 精通一门外语是大有裨益的。It is a great pleasure to meet friends from afar. The news briefing will be held in Room 314 at about nine oclock tomorrow. 在复合句中 ，英语的主句为重要信息，从句为次要信息。主句往往
7、置于从句之前，即重心在前。而汉语一般按照逻辑和时间顺序，将重要信息放在后面，即重心在后。The librarians have compiled a card-index catalogue so that they can afford facilities for references. You will lose your chance if you dont take action right now. 3、修饰语（定语和状语）位置的差别：汉语修饰语一定要置于被修饰词之前（修饰语+名词/动词），英文修饰语则位置灵活，可前可后，多数情况下位于被修饰词之后。One reason for t
8、heir discomfort is that they realize that the prosperity that has created the group of newly-rich has not benefited all Chinese equally.他们不安的一个原因是，他们意识到造就这个新富豪集团的繁荣并没有惠及每一个中国人。However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. 4、英语的主语突出（subjec
9、t-prominence），汉语的主题突出（topic-prominence）：形合的英语，主题往往就是句子的主语，英语句子的主语通常指人或事物，由名词、代词或名词词组来担任；而汉语则竭力通过句子整体突出主题，而不是仅仅依靠句子的主语。汉语的句子的主语可以各种形式出现。除人或事物外，地点、时间、行为方式都可以作主语。在词性方面，除名词、名词词组和代词外，动词短语、介词短语，甚至句子都可以作主语。Smoking is forbidden in public places.It is extremely important to learn English well in present-day
10、society. 甚至有时候汉语中干脆就没有主语。中国的语法通则是，凡主语明显可知，以不用为常。If things are not properly handled, our labor will be totally lost. It was a disappointment when I had to postpone the visit which I had intended to pay to America in February. (I had intended to pay a visit to America in February but then I had to pos
11、tpone it, this was a deep disappointment to me.)5、动词的差别：汉语作为一种动态语言，动词的使用频率远高于英语；汉语中的动词没有曲折变化，而英文中的动词往往有人称、数、时态、语态等的变化；汉语中的动词往往是相互并列的关系，英文中的动词往往是一种从属关系；汉语中的动词很少使用被动，3而英文动词的被动形式则极为常见。英语常以非生物名词作主语,因而被动语态在英语中广泛使用，英语中绝大多数及物动词和相当于及物动词的短语都有被动式。Rockets have found application for the exploration of the unive
12、rse.As oil is often found in the ground, its presence cannot be determined by a study of the surface.由于石油通常深埋地下，靠研究地面，不能确定有没有石油。The audience are requested to keep silent. 请听众保持安静。Thousands of trees were lost in the forest fire.They were attended from morning till night by female helpers, wives and n
13、urses and secretaries.在英汉互译时,需要把握两种语言各自的行文特点和表述方式,以符合各自语言的习惯和思维方式。换句话说,如果英文是被动语态,翻译成中文则不必一定是被动语态的形式;或者如果中文是主动形式,翻译成英语则不必一定用主动形式，关键是要根据译入语的思维逻辑和表达习惯来译。The thick carpet killed the sound of my foot-steps. 第二节 翻译技巧一、词汇的翻译翻译中，不同语言之间的词汇无法做到完全对等。因此，要对词义进行选择、引申，对词汇的色彩进行判断，对词性进行转换。1、 词义的选择和汉语一样，英语中一词多义的情况很多，
14、翻译时要根据单词在上下文中的联系及其自身搭配关系选择正确的词义。The war is becoming the most important story of this generation.这场战争将成为这代人生命中最重大的事件。It is quite another story now.现在的情况完全不同了。Hell be very happy if that story holds up.如果这一说法属实，那他就太高兴了。The Rita Hayworths story is one of the saddest.丽塔海华丝的遭遇是最不幸的了。2、词义的引申英语里的某些词汇，有时不使用其
15、本义，而是加以借用，作了发展和引申。delicate skin 娇嫩的皮肤 delicate porcelain 精致的瓷器 delicate health 虚弱的身体delicate stomach 容易吃坏的胃 delicate living 奢侈的生活 delicate upbringing 娇生惯养有时由于句子环境的影响，引申出的含义可能和单词的基本含义相差很大。Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有苦有甜。Preparation for the conference were clouded by corruption allegat
16、ions.大会的准备工作出现了令人不快的情况：有人指控内部有腐败行为。3、词义的感情色彩（褒义、贬义和中性）：词汇的感情色彩应严格按照原文的精神译出，而不是像词性的翻译那样受译文的支配。此外，英文中很多单词同时有褒贬两种含义，具体含义必须根据具体语境进行判断。4My brothers ambition is to get his masters degree in two years.哥哥雄心很大：准备在两年内获得硕士学位。The statement completely laid bare their ambition for world conquest.声明充分暴露了他们企图征服世界的野
17、心。4、词性转换：由于两种语言在语法和表达习惯上的差异，在描述同一种事物时，两种语言会使用不同的词性。He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker. A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.S
18、tevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.He is strong physically, but weak mentally. Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 二、句式的翻译1、增译法：增译法是按照汉语的习惯，在中文译文中适当添加英语中所没有的词语，以便满足汉语语法修辞的需要或更明确地表达原文的含义。增词主要是添加原文中虽无形式却意在其中的成分。如：有时
19、要根据英语动词时态形式增补时间修饰语，有时要增补原文中的省略部分，有时要把代词还原为所指的对象，有时要增补连接词以加强修辞效果。 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. A new kind of carsmall, cheapis attracting increasing attention. The essence remains its identity while app
20、earances may vary. to persuade 说服 persuasion 说服工作to prepare 准备 preparation 准备工作backward 落后 backwardness 落后状态tense 紧张 tension 紧张局势arrogant 自满 arrogance 自满情绪mad 疯狂 madness 疯狂行为antagonistic 敌对的 antagonism 敌对态度2、减译法：指根据英汉两种语言不同的思维方式、语言习惯和表达方式，在翻译时删去不符合目标语思维习惯、语言习惯和表达方式的词，以避免译文累赘。这种方式多用于英译汉。If you give h
21、im an inch, he will take a mile. As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater.If winter comes, can spring be far behind? A teacher should have patience in his work. 5In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal. 一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。比较：埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。3、拆译法：是把一个长而复杂的句子拆译成若干个较短、较
22、简单的句子，通常用于英译汉。英译汉时常常要在原句的关系代词、关系副词、主谓连接处、并列或转折连接处、后续成分与主体的连接处，以及意群结束处将长句切断，译成汉语分句。这样就可以基本保留英语语序，顺译全句，顺应现代汉语长短句相替、单复句相间的句法修辞原则Increased cooperation with China is in the interests of the United States.I wish to thank you for the hospitality for which the Chinese people are justly famous throughout the
23、 world.我要感谢你们的盛情款待。中国人民正是以这种热情好客而闻明世界的。This is particularly true of the countries of the commonwealth, who see Britains membership of the community a guarantee that the policies of the community will take their interests into account 英联邦各国尤其如此，它们认为英国加入欧共体，将能保证欧共体的政策照顾到它们的利益。His delegation agreed wit
24、h the Executive Director/ that the fund should continue working/ for a better understanding of the interrelationship between economic, social and demographic factors.原译：他的代表团同意执行主任关于该基金会应继续为更好地了解经济、社会和人口的相互关系而努力的意见。She wished she were at Kangding. Ordinarily, she would have been here two hours ago.C
25、haracteristically, Mr. Smith concealed his feelings and watched and learned. 4、 合句译法A. 把原文中两个或以上的简单句（ Simple Sentence）译成一个句子There are men here from all over the country. Many of them are from Sichuan.从全国各地来的人中有许多是四川人。He was very clean. His mind was open. 他为人单纯而坦率。B.把原文中的主从复合句（Complex Sentence）译成一句 I
26、f we do a thing, we should do it well. 第三节 定语从句的翻译一、译成前置定语一般说来，限制性的定语从句可提前译成定语。还有一些定语从句，虽然并不明显地带有限制性质，但本身较短，和被修饰语的关系紧密，也可译成前置定语。To be sure, a great rebuilding project would give jobs to many of those people who need them.诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。In recent years, however, people have begun to b
27、ecome aware that cities are also areas where there is a concentration of problems.6可是，近几年来人们开始意识到城市也是问题成堆的地方。二、译成后置成分1、一些结构比较复杂，或者意思上有较强的独立性的限制性定语从句，通常可译为后置的并列句。采取这种译法往往要重复关系代词所代替的词，比如：有时可在此词之前加指示词“这” 、“ 这些”或人称代词“他”、“ 他们”等等，来使译文明确。This volume is prepared as examples for writing compositions which, a
28、s it were, has been taken as a difficult task.Matter is composed of molecules that are composed of atoms.2、 非限制性定语从句与先行词的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词加以说明，描述或解释，或对整个句子所陈述的事实或现象加以总结、补充说明，其前都有逗号分开。在汉译时一般译为后置并列分句。如：He blamed me for everything, which I thought very unfair.他把一切错误都归罪于我，我认为这很不公平。These books, which are on
29、ly a small part of my collection, I picked up in American. 这些书是我在美国买的,它们在我的藏书中只占一小部分三、溶合译法溶合法就是把原句子中的主语和定语从句溶合在一起译成一个独立句子的翻译方法。另外，由于限制性定语从句与主句的关系密切，所以，限制性定语从句似乎更适合采用溶合法。英语中突出的 “there be” 句型就是这样处理的。There are many people who want to select this major. 许多人要选这个专业。四、译成状语有些定语从句从形式上看是定语，但在意义上与主句有逻辑状语关系，对主句
30、起原因、结果、目的、条件、让步等状语作用，翻译时应尽可能按照其语法功能，译成与汉语相对应的复句。 The computer, which seems to play the role of a human brain, is often called an electronic brain.Rose took Chinese medicine which relieved her symptoms.There is no bad habit that may not be cured by a strong willpower.The newswoman wishes to write an
31、article that will attract public attention to shipwreck.第四节 被动语态的翻译英语中被动语态的使用范围极为广泛,尤其是在科技英语中,被动语态几乎随处可见,凡是在不必、不愿说出或不知道主动者的情况下均可使用被动语态，尤其是科普文章中。在汉语中,也有被动语态,通常通过“把”或“ 被”等词体现出来, 但它的使用范围远远小于英语中被动语态的使用范围,因此英语中的被动语态在很多情况下都翻译成主动结构。对于英语原文的被动结构,我们一般采取下列的方法:一、把被动语态译成汉语被动句。英语中的许多被动句可以翻译成汉语的被动句。常7用“被”, “给”, “遭
32、”, “挨”, “为所”, “ 使”, “由”, “ 受到”等表示1) The company was banned from using false advertising. 这家商号被禁止使用虚假广告。2) Natural light or “white” light is actually made up of many colours.自然光或者“白光” 实际上是由许多种颜色组成的。3) The supply of oil can be shut off unexpectedly at any time, and in any case, the oil wells will all
33、run dry in thirty years or so at the present rate of use.石油的供应可能随时会被中断；不管怎样，以目前的这种消费速度，只需 30 年左右，所有的油井都会枯竭。 4) Footprints on the sands of time are not made by sitting down.5) In his late thirties he was almost knocked down in his despondency of the unsuccessful career. 6) The laws of motion will be
34、discussed in the next articles. 二、 翻译成汉语的主动句。英语原文的被动结构翻译成汉语的主动结构又可以进一步分为几种不同的情况。 1、英语原文中的主语在译文中仍做主语。在采用此方法时,我们往往在译文中使用了“加以”, “经过”, “ 用来” 等词来体现原文中的被动含义。（1） Other questions will be discussed briefly. 其它问题将简单地 加以讨论。（2） Nuclear powers danger to health, safety, and even life itself can be summed up in on
35、e word: radiation.2、将英语原文中的主语翻译为宾语,同时增补泛指性的词语(人们,大家等) 作主语。（1）It could be argued that the radio performs this service as well, but on television everything is much more living, much more real.（2）Television, it is often said, keeps one informed about current events, allows one to follow the latest dev
36、elopments in science and politics, and offers an endless series of programmes which are both instructive and entertaining.（3）It is generally accepted that the experiences of the child in his first years largely determine his character and later personality.另外,下列的结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is asserted that 有人主
37、张It is believed that 有人认为It is generally considered that 大家(一般人) 认为It is well known that 大家知道( 众所周知)It will be said 有人会说It was told that 有人曾经说 3、将英语原文中的 by, in, for 等做状语的介词短语翻译成译文的主语,在此情况下,英语原文中的主语一般被翻译成宾语。（1）A right kind of fuel is needed for an atomic reactor. （2）By the end of the war, 800 people
38、had been saved by the organization, but at a cost of 8200 Belgian and French lives.（3）And it is imagined by many that the operations of the common mind can be by no means compared with these processes, and that they have to be acquired by a sort of special training.4、翻译成汉语的无主句。（1）Great efforts shoul
39、d be made to inform young people especially the dreadful consequences of taking up the habit.（2） Power would be gotten if there were money to get it with. 另外,下列结构也可以通过这一手段翻译:It is hoped that 希望It is reported that 据报道It is said that 据说It is supposed that 据推测It may be said without fear of exaggeration
40、 that 可以毫不夸张地说 It must be admitted that 必须承认 It must be pointed out that 必须指出 It will be seen from this that 由此可见5、翻译成带表语的主动句。（1）The decision to attack was not taken lightly. （2）On the whole, such an conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence第五节 肯定与否定一、肯定（英）-否定（汉）英语中有些肯定结构可以译作汉语的否定结
41、构，一般是因为词汇本身带有否定含义，在翻译时需要注意 avoid, before, beyond, deny, escape 等词。Some Idiomatic Expressions1. riot police 防暴警察2. crisis law 反危机法案3. spy film4. After you, sir. 5. He was the last man to say such things. 6. Keep off the lawn! 7. Just make yourself at home. 8. Thats a thing that might happen to any ma
42、n. 这样的事情可能发生在任何人身上。9. His speech leaves much to be desired. 10. Appearances are deceptive. 二、否定（英）-肯定（汉） : 英文中有些否定结构可以译成汉语的肯定含义，更加符合汉语习惯。91. It is a long lane that has no turning.路长必有弯，事久必有变。2. When Stephen was introduced to the old couple, they said simply, “Weve read your article. We expected to m
43、eet an older man.”3. The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.4. I couldnt agree more with you. 5. You cannot be too careful in proof reading. 三、英文双重否定句可以译成汉语肯定句，也可保留原句的双重否定结构。1. One cannot derive all possible enjoyment from music unless he participates, so to speak, in its per
44、formance. 2. It is impossible but that a man will make some mistakes.3. Its significance and importance can never be overemphasized.四、特殊否定结构The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished. Michelangelo did not learn to paint by spending his time doodling. Mozart was not an accomplished pianist a
45、t the age of 8 as the result of spending his days in front of a television set. （Your boss has a bigger vocabulary than you have. Thats one good reason why hes your boss.）It has long since been satisfactorily established that a high executive does not have a large vocabulary merely because of the op
46、portunities of his position. That would be putting the cart before the horse. 第六节 长句翻译练习1. It is probably easier for teachers than for students to appreciate the reasons why learning English seems to become increasingly difficult once the basic structures and patterns of the language have been under
47、stood. 2. The teacher finds that students who were easy to teach, because they succeeded in putting everything they had been taught into practice, hesitate when confronted with the vast untouched area of English vocabulary and usage which falls outside the scope of basic textbooks. 3. The teacher, f
48、or his part, frequently reduced to trying to explain the inexplicable, may take refuge in quoting proverbs to his colleagues such as “You can lead a horse to water but you cant make him drink, ” or, more respectfully if less grammatically: “It aint what you say. Its the way you that you say it.” 4.
49、The principal of a great Philadelphia high school is driven to cry for help in combating the notion that it is undemocratic to run a special program of studies for outstanding boys and girls. 5. Is it our sound and considered judgment that the tougher subjects of the classics and mathematics should be thrown aside, as suggested by some educators, for doll-playing? 6. In the course of these mental expeditions, Hawking has conceived startling new theories about black holes and the disorderly events th
