1、2005 北京太奇培训学校考研英语讲座 (六) 2005 KY- 6朱泰祺主讲 内部资料 翻印必究 提高考研阅读理解能力的过程和规律考研学生提高英语阅读理解能力一般要经历四个发展阶段：1. 字面心译阶段，即在阅读时要通过逐词心译来理解原文。由于两种语言在句子语法结构、词语用法、语言习惯等方面存在着许多差异，这个阶段对原文的理解常会发生错误。2. 分析性心译阶段，即在对原文的词语和结构进行一些分析以后，再进行心译，或心译过程伴随着词语和结构的分析。这时理解力比前一阶段有所提高，但阅读速度很慢。3. 综合性心译阶段。在这个阶段由于语言水平的提高，阅读经验的积累，不经分析而直接将原文译成汉语。4.
2、直接理解原文阶段。在这个阶段由于语言能力的提高，读者的理解已进入英语思维的模式，可以直接理解原文。以上 4 个阶段只是大体上的划分，在实际阅读训练中，这 4 个阶段不是截然分割的。比如，处于第 2 阶段时，也不可能对每个句子都分析一遍后再来心译。第 4 阶段也可能伴随少量的心译，因为本族语毕竟是理解外语的媒介。了解阅读能力提高的过程有利于加速阅读能力的培养。一般来说，我们的考生是处在介乎第 2 和第 3 阶段之间。对所读的材料有时要经过查阅词典，分析心译成汉语才能达到真正的理解。这作为阅读能力提高的一个阶段是不可避免的。但要努力缩短这一阶段，防止这种阅读方法成为定势。要尽可能减少心译，以提高阅
3、读速度，达到基本上直接理解原文的阶段。从逻辑和思维的角度看，阅读理解能力的提高是一个由浅入深、由片面到全面、由低层次到高层次的发展过程。较低层次的理解是字面理解。考生对所读内容只能理解字面含义。随着理解的不断深化，考生逐渐进入推断性理解层次。考生慢慢能从语篇结构的高度来审视文章内容的逻辑结构和内在联系，从而进入更深层次的理解，如从字里行间理解作者要表达的内涵。最高层次是评价性阅读理解。研究生英语入学考试中的阅读理解就属于这个层次。这时考生需能凭借自己的阅读经验和分析能力对所读文章和题目选项进行评价，如：选择项所传递的信息是否确切、事实是否可靠、结论是否正确以及信息的应用价值等。考研学生应具备哪
4、些能力才能应对阅读考试的需要呢？1. 理解文章的主旨、抓住全文的中心思想和展开中心思想的逻辑层次；2. 理解文章中的具体信息和细节；3. 理解明确或隐含表达的概念性含义；4. 进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5. 根据上下文推测不熟悉词语的含义；6. 理解作者的写作目的、态度、语气及文章的基调；7. 以上各项能力要求必须在规定的时间内完成。I. Reading Comprehension: Text 1(2004 RC 4 )Americans today dont place a very high value on intellect. Our heroes are athletes, ent
5、ertainers, and entrepreneurs, not scholars. Even our schools are where we send our children to get a practical education not to pursue knowledge for the sake of knowledge. Symptoms of pervasive anti-intellectualism in our schools arent difficult to find. Schools have always been in a society where p
6、ractical is more important than intellectual,” says education writer Diane Ravitch. “Schools could be a counterbalance.” Ravitchs latest book, Left Back: A Century of Failed School Reforms, traces the roots of anti-intellectualism in our schools, concluding they are anything but a counterbalance to
7、the American distaste for intellectual pursuits. But they could and should be. Encouraging kids to reject the life of the mind leaves them vulnerable to exploitation and control. Without the ability to think critically, to defend their ideas and understand the ideas of others, they cannot fully part
8、icipate in our democracy. Continuing along this path, says writer Earl Shorris, “We will become a second-rate country. We will have a less civil society.”“Intellect is resented as a form of power or privilege,” writes historian and professor Richard Hofstadter in Anti-Intellectualism in American Lif
9、e, a Pulitzer Prize winning book on the roots of anti-intellectualism in US politics, religion, and education. From the beginning of our history, says Hofstadter, our democratic and populist urges have driven us to reject anything that smells of elitism. Practicality, common sense, and native intell
10、igence have been considered more noble qualities than anything you could learn from a book. Ralph Waldo Emerson and other transcendentalist philosophers thought schooling and rigorous book learning put unnatural restraints on children:” We are shut up in schools and college recitation rooms for 10 o
11、r 15 years and come out at last with a bellyful of words and do not know a thing.” Mark Twains Huckleberry Finn exemplified American anti-intellectualism. Its hero avoids being civilized going to school and learning to read so he can preserve his innate goodness. Intellect, according to Hofstadter,
12、is different from native intelligence, a quality we reluctantly admire. Intellect is the critical, creative, and contemplative side of the mind. Intelligence seeks to grasp, manipulate, re-order, and adjust, while intellect examines, ponders, wonders, theorizes, criticizes and imagines. School remai
13、ns a place where intellect is mistrusted. Hofstadter says our countrys educational system is in the grips of people who “joyfully and militantly proclaim their hostility to intellect and their eagerness to identify with children who show the least intellectual promise.” (414 words)Notes： intellect 才
14、智，智能，理解力，思维能力；知识分子。 entertainers 表演家。entrepreneurs 企业家。pervasive 弥漫的，渗透的，遍布的。intellectualism （哲）主知主义（主张知识为纯理性的产物） 。counterbalance 平衡力，起平衡作用的因素。distaste (for) n. 厌恶，不喜欢。vulnerable adj. 脆弱的。 populist adj. 民粹的。elitism 杰出人物统治论，高人一等的优越感。complementary 补充的，互补的。civil 公民的；文明的。transcendentalist 先验论的。rigorous
15、严格的，严厉的。a bellyful of 满腹的。innate 天生的，先天的。contemplative 沉思的。1. What do American parents expect their children to acquire in school?A. The habit of thinking independently. B. Profound knowledge of the world.C. Practical ability for future career. D. The confidence in intellectual pursuits. 2. We can l
16、earn from the text that Americans have a history of A. undervaluing intellect. B. favouring intellectualism.C. supporting school reform D. suppressing native intelligence.3. The views of Ravitch and Emerson on schooling areA. identical. B. similar.C. complementary. D. opposite. 4. Emerson, according
17、 to the text, is probablyA. a pioneer of education reform. B. an opponent of intellectualism.C. a scholar in favor of intellectualism. D. an advocate of regular schooling. 5. What does the author think of intellect?A. It is second to intelligence. B. It evolves from common sense.C. It is to be pursu
18、ed. D. It underlies power. Text 2Could the bad old days of economic decline be about to return? Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December. This neartripling of oil prices calls up scary memories of the 197
19、3 oil shock, when prices quadrupled, and 1979-80, when they also almost tripled. Both previous shocks resulted in double-digit inflation and global economic decline. So where are the headlines warning of gloom and doom this time?The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended o
20、il exports. Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.Yet there are good reasons to expect the economic consequences now to be less severe than in the 1970s. In most countries the cost of crude oil now
21、 accounts for a smaller share of the price of petrol than it did in the 1970s. In Europe, taxes account for up to four-fifths of the retail price, so even quite big changes in the price of crude have a more muted effect on pump prices than in the past. Rich economies are also less dependent on oil t
22、han they were, and so less sensitive to swings in the oil price. Energy conservation, a shift to other fuels and a decline in the importance of heavy, energy-intensive industries have reduced oil consumption. Software, consultancy and mobile telephones use far less oil than steel or car production.
23、For each dollar of GDP (in constant prices) rich economies now use nearly 50% less oil than in 1973. The OECD estimates in its latest Economic Outlook that, if oil prices averaged $22 a barrel for a full year, compared with $13 in 1998, this would increase the oil import bill in rich economies by on
24、ly 0.25-0.5% of GDP. That is less than one-quarter of the income loss in 1974 or 1980. On the other hand, oil-importing emerging economies - to which heavy industry has shifted - have become more energy-intensive, and could be more seriously squeezed.One more reason not to lose sleep over the rise i
25、n oil prices is that, unlike the rises in the 1970s, it has not occurred against the background of general commodity-price inflation and global excess demand. A sizable portion of the world is only just emerging from economic decline. The Economists commodity price index is broadly unchanging from a
26、 year ago. In 1973 commodity prices jumped by 70%, and in 1979 by almost 30%. (429 words)1. The main reason for the rise of oil price was _.A. global inflation B. reduction in supply C. fast growth in economy D. Iraqs suspension of exports2. It can be inferred from the text that the retail price of
27、petrol will go up dramatically if _.A. price of crude rises B. commodity prices riseC. consumption rises D. oil taxes rise3. The estimates in Economic Outlook show that in rich countries _. A. heavy industry becomes more energy-intensiveB. income loss mainly resulted from fluctuating crude oil price
28、sC. manufacturing industry has been seriously squeezedD. oil price changes have no significant impact on GDP4. We can draw a conclusion from the text that _. A. oil-price shocks are less shocking nowB. inflation seems irrelevant to oil-price shocksC. energy conservation can keep down the oil pricesD
29、. the price rise of crude leads to the shrinking of heavy industry5. From the text we can see that the writer seems _.A. optimistic B. sensitive C. gloomy D. scaredWord Studysqueeze vt. 挤、压、拧；塞进；挤进：1) He squeezed the last bit from the tooth-paste tube. (他从牙膏筒里挤出了最后一点牙膏。) 2) Squeeze the walnuts toget
30、her to crack them. (把核桃放在一起挤压以便敲碎它们。 ) 3) He squeezed an extra shirt into the suitcase. (他把又一件衬衣塞进箱子。) 4) Cant you squeeze more juice out of that lemon? (你能否从那个柠檬中挤出更多的汁来？)squeeze n. (经济术语 )银根紧的时候： We cannot borrow money during the present credit squeeze. (在目前信贷紧缩时期我们无法借到更多的钱。)2. swing vi. 摆动：1) His
31、 arms swing as he walks. 2) The door swung open. （门摆动开了。 ）swing n. 变动，波动： swings in the oil price 油价波动。用于成语：in full swing （某活动）全面展开，达到高潮：1) Everything seemed to be in full swing there. 2) It was Saturday night; the little party was in full swing. 3) The work was in full swing when we arrived. 4) Whe
32、n we arrived, themeeting was already in full swing. 5) Ten weeks before the election the campaign was in full swing. 3.经济方面的短语：economic decline 经济衰退；a swing in prices 价格波动；supply-cut 供应减少；double-digit inflation 两位数的通货膨胀；economic consequences 经济上产生的后果；retail price 零售价；energy conservation 能源保护；oil imp
33、ort bill 石油进口开支；oil shock 石油恐慌；energy-intensive 能源密集型的；price index 价格指数。Text 3Science has moved closer toward identifying the long-sought brain site of the “body clock“, the time that governs all the rhythms of life.A Johns Hopkins University scientist has disclosed that a group of rats has been tra
34、nsformed by precision brain surgery from performing night activity into a complete reversal of their age-old timetable.For thousands of years, the wild Norway rat has spent its day sleeping or hiding in deep holes and its nights outside searching for food and water, as a means of surviving against p
35、redators.Dr. Curt P. Richter, a noted psycho-biologist, has developed a surgical means of destroying the animals built-in clock, in a special portion of the brain so that it spends most of the light hours being active and all of the dark hours sleeping.“We now know much more about the location of th
36、e clock, “ said Richter in an interview. The site has been elusive in the past. As one scientist said, “It seems to be everywhere and yet nowhere when we try to localize it.“The study, covering 12 years and several hundred rats, is published by the National Academy of Sciences. Richter said the find
37、ings support the view that body clocks have an independent function and do not need to rely on outside timers, such as the sun, gravity or earth magnetism.The body clock, in Richters opinion, is like a precision self-winding calendar wristwatch with a built-in timer. An opposing view, held by some s
38、cientists, compares it to a household electric clock with no built-in timer but rather a synchronous (同步的) motor that allows it to count the oscillations(振荡,摆动) coming over the power lines. The opponents cite the total solar eclipse on March 7, 1970, when horses and some other day animals went to sl
39、eep and mice, owls and some other night animals woke up.In Richters study, the rhythm of the rats activity previously had not been disturbed by the arrival of laboratory workers at day and departure at night, but when deprived of their body clocks, the animals adopted a new timetable that was contro
40、lled by the working hours of the laboratory.Like animals, man has evolved a 24-hour clock. Richter believes human beings started out sleeping about 12 hours during the night. Introduction of the campfire, he says, enabled man to extend his waking hours so that he now sleeps about a third of the time
41、. This is true everywhere, even above the Arctic Circle, where summer brings constant daylight.Over the years, scientists have found that no fewer than 40 physiological functions of the body have rhythms that are timed by the biological clock. Temperature, for example, is regulated so that it is at
42、least two degrees higher in the late afternoon than the low point in the early morning hours.Similarly, there are daily rhythms in blood-pressure levels, blood-sugar level, pulse rate and even stomach contraction. The effectiveness of drugs given to a patient varies depending on what hours of the da
43、y or night they are given. It is likely that there are best and worst times to perform surgery, take X-rays and diagnose disease, but these have tended to be masked in the process of evolution. (536 words)1. The purpose of Dr. Richters study of rats was _.A. to seek the site of the body clock in the
44、 brain B. to control the rhythms of the animal lifeC. to find a way to destroy the animals built-in clock D. to cultivate a fine breed of rats which wake at day and sleep at night2. In Richters opinion, it is not true that _.A. the biological clock governs all the rhythms of an animals lifeB. body c
45、locks are independent of outside timers such as the sun, gravity, eclipses or earth magnetismC. a rats body clock can be reset to adapt to a new schedule by means of artificial lightingD. without an evolved biological timer man now would sleep about 12 hours during the night3. It could be deduced fr
46、om the text that _. A. the body clock is similar to a household electric clock both in function and structure.B. Richter would regard what happened during the total solar eclipse mentioned in the text abnormal C. there are few scientists in the psycho-biological field who really believe in Dr. Richt
47、ers discoveryD. with the development of modern lighting installations, human beings would sleep less and less time4. The biological clock seems to regulate all that follows except _.A. blood pressure B. effectiveness of drugs C. pulse rate D. body temperature5. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. The Rhythms of Human Life B. How to Localize the Body ClockC. Richters Discovery in the Body Clock D. Dr. Richter and His Successful Brain Surgery
