1、1英汉语篇衔接对比与翻译【2004 年 8 级测试汉译英】在人际关系问题上我们不要太浪漫主义。人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点。这一点颇像是在餐馆里用餐的经验。开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔，转首肯为摇头。这是因为，第一，开始吃的时候你正处于饥饿状态，而饿了吃糠甜加蜜，饱了吃蜜也不甜。第二，你初到一个餐馆，开始举筷时有新鲜感，新盖的茅房三天香，这也可以叫做“陌生化效应” 吧。Cohesive devices 衔接手段 1. reference 照应2. s
2、ubstitution 替代3. ellipsis 省略4. conjunction 连接 5. lexical cohesion 词汇衔接- Halliday conference a ready man; and writing an exact man.读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，笔记使人精确。Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀
3、，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞之学使人善辩。他们忘记了少数服从多数，下级服从上级，局部服从全体，全党服从中央的民主集中制。They forget the system of democratic centralism in which the minority is subordinate to the majority, the lower level to the higher level, the part to the whole and the entire membership to the Central Committee. 于是转喜为怒，转赞美为责备挑剔
4、，转首肯为摇头。Consequently, delight changes to anger; praise changes to blame; and nodding head changes to shaking head. Consequently, satisfaction is switched into anger, compliment into blame and fastidiousness, and nodding into shaking ones head. Therefore, happiness turns into anger, praise into criti
5、cism, and head-nodding into head-shaking. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises would to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. (参考译文）名词性省略正因为是一种以意合为主的语言， 汉语中最常见的省略是主语的省略，而谓语的省略则较少。 申小龙（1989：196）则把汉语中主语的省略看作是“ 汉民族天人合一的哲学思想在语言中的表现” ，
6、因而汉语中的主语往往可以蕴涵在行为事件的主观表现中。以汉语为母语的人的传统思维中还常常反映出某种隐性的主体意识。隐性主体意3识的典型表现是汉语中大量无主句与主语省略的运用。 （刘宓庆，1992：334）（你）开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。 （你）吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。 （你）愈吃愈趋于冷静， （你）吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。于是（你）转喜为怒， （你）转赞美为责备挑剔， （你）转首肯为摇头。Starting to eat the first dish, impression is good. Its also very delicious when eating the f
7、irst two main dishes. Having finished it all the disadvantages are found out. Then turn from happy to angry, praise to blame, yes to no. (学生译文）You will be not only favorably impressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have,
8、 the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding; and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. 范畴词(category words) 的省略范畴词用来表达行为、现象、属性等概念所属的范畴，是言语常用的特指手段。英语往往避免形状、数量、性质
9、等的同义反复。We have winked at these irregularities too long.我们对这些越轨行为宽容得太久了。He was described as impressed by Dengs flexibility.据说他对邓的灵活态度印象很深。What they wanted most was an end of uncertainties. 那时他们最渴望的就是结束这摇摆不定的局面。圆形 round (in shape)小型 small (in size)少量 few (in number)红色 red (in color)苦味 bitter (in taste
10、)人际关系问题 interpersonal relation (problem)用餐的经验 dining (experience)饥饿状态 in (a state) of hunger新鲜感 freshness (feeling) 连接人是很有趣的，往往在接触一个人时首先看到的都是他或她的优点Human beings are interesting. When it is the first time you meet a person, you only notice his or her merits. (S1)People are interesting and get the firs
11、t impression of his or her merits when they 4communicate. (S2)People are very interesting, for when meeting somebody, they usually focus on his or her strong points. (S3)Human beings are very interesting in that when they get into contact with someone what they first see is often his or her good poi
12、nt only. (S4) Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. （参考译文）开始吃头盘或冷碟的时候，印象很好。吃头两个主菜时，也是赞不绝口。1. When we begin with the first course or the appetizer, we are very positively impressed. When we continue with the first two courses, we are full of praises f
13、or the dishes. 2. We are very impressed by the first dish or cold dishes to begin with. We would also give endless compliments on the first two entrees. 3. The first dish or cold dishes leave a good impression, and the first two main dishes are also appreciated. 4. You will be not only favorably imp
14、ressed with the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding;
15、and your nodding in agreement to shaking the head. （参考译文）愈吃愈趋于冷静，吃完了这顿宴席，缺点就都找出来了。1. Yet the more we ate, the clearer we became. And before dinner we found out all the shortcomings. 2. As the dinner goes on, people tend to be calm. After finishing it, they have found out all the defects. 3.Yet the m
16、ore we eat, the soberer we become. Drawbacks are all found out right after the banquet. 4. Yet we become less and less enthusiastic as we continue to eat; and when the dinner is over, all the shortcomings have been found out. 5 However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner e
17、nds up with all the flaws exposed. （参考译文）异化与归化文化专有项(culture-specific items) 1.吃糠异化：to have chaff (bran, husks) 5归化：to have dishwater2. 饿了吃糠甜如蜜异化：In hunger one can taste honey chaff 归化：Hunger is the best sauce. 3.举筷异化：to take up the chopsticks to eat; 归化：to take up a knife and fork 4.新盖的茅房三天香异化: Fres
18、h air doesnt last long in a new latrine. 归化: Familiarity breeds contempt. We should not be too romantic in interpersonal relations. Human beings are interesting in that they tend to first see good in a new acquaintance. This is like dining in a restaurant. You will be not only favorably impressed wi
19、th the first dish or cold dishes, but also profuse in praise of the first two courses. However, the more you have, the more sober you become until the dinner ends up with all the flaws exposed. Consequently, your joy would give way to anger; your praises to criticism or even fault-finding; and your
20、nodding in agreement to shaking the head. What accounts for all this is, in the first place, you are hungry when you start to eat. As the saying goes, “Hunger is the best sauce”, and vice versa. And secondly, unfamiliarity, rather than familiarity, breeds freshness in you when you start to eat in a restaurant new to you, which is the so-called effect of unfamiliarization.
