1、第五讲第四节 英汉副词对比一、英汉语副词分类副词 副词经常修饰动词或形容词,表示程度、范围、时间、否定等意义。如“很、只、马上、不”等。副词的语法特征主要有两个:1、1、能修饰动词或形容词,一般不修饰名词。如我们可以说“很珍惜、很珍贵”,不能说“很珍珠”,因为“珍惜”是动词,“珍贵”是形容词,“珍珠”是名词。1、2、一般只能作状语,少数可以作补语,如“(好得)很、(美)极(了)、(高兴) 万分”。因此可以说,副词具有纯状语性。副词内部较为复杂,特别值得注意的有以下7类:(1)程度副词。如“很、最、太、更、非常、特别、十分、格外、略、比较、稍微、越发”等。 (2)范围副词。如“只、都、仅、共、全
2、都、统统、总共、一齐、一概、仅仅”等。(3)时间副词。如“正在、正、在、马上、立刻、立即、刚、已经、曾经、才、往往、一直、渐渐、常常、始终、终于、偶尔、忽然”等。(4)频率副词。如“再、又、还、一再、再三、屡次”等。表示程度的 很、太、最、十分、非常表示范围的 都、全、只、统统、仅仅表示时间的 正、刚、又、曾 经、终于表示否定的 不、未、没有(看见)表示语气的 偏偏、也许、简直、难道(5)否定副词。如“不、没、未、别、甭、莫、勿、没有、未必、不用”等。(6)语气副词。如“必、必定、准、当然、的确、简直、几乎、也许、大概、其实、索然、果然、居然、竟然、幸亏、偏偏、反倒、难道、莫非”等。 (7)关
3、联副词,如“却、就、又、才、也、还”等。关联副词用在词语和分句之间,起连接作用,表明某种关系。某些副词有多种作用,因而兼属副词的多个次类。如:“我就来。”“他就这些钱。”“只要来就好。”第一个“就”相当于下“马上”,是时间副词;第二个“就”相当于“只”,是范围副词;第三个“就”起关联作用,是关联副词。 英语副词的分类副词主要被分为以下几种:1时间副词,如:often , early,usually,now2地点副词,如:here,above,outside,below ,there3方式副词,如:hard,fast,badly,well4程度副词,如:very ,quite ,much,sti
4、ll,even, almost5疑问副词,如:how,when,why二、英汉副词语法功能对比1.英语副词 状语、表语、定语、补语The visitors were warmly received by the hosts.China is especially rich in natural resources.The machine moves amazingly fast.Obviously there is much room for improvement in our work.This film is on tonight.Marry was down with a slight
5、 fever.His leaves up tomorrow.All the buildings around were built in 1983.The above remarks are quite on the point.Ill come over to see you on my next day off.I found them in.They went to the airport to see the friends off.2.汉语副词 状语、补语 定语、补语?他们正在学习。她是个很勇敢的小孩。屋里的电灯亮得很。他工作很努力。三、副词在句子中的位置有学生写作:I very l
6、ike English. 1 时间副词和地点副词的位置表示确定时间的副词和地点的副词,一般放在句尾,如句中同时有地点副词和时间副词,地点副词通常在前,时间副词在后。2 修饰形容词和副词的程度副词,除enough后置外,一般放在被修饰词的前面。副词在此作状语。 如:be well enough, go fast enough 3 修饰动词的方式副词有以下几种(1 ) 修饰不及物动词时,该副词要后置,如:sing well like something very much(2 ) 修饰及物动词时,可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后;如宾语较长也可放在动词和宾语之间。如:study English har
7、d,see clearly the words on the blackboard(3 ) 及物动词和副词(如:down,on,off,in,out,up等)组成的动词词组,其宾语是名词,该名词可放在副词之前或之后:如是代词,该代词一定要放在副词前。He cut down the tree. / He cut the tree down. / He cut it down.对比总结:1. 作为修饰语 Very good, right now , the meeting yesterday, the way home , the explanation above; 很好,很大2.作为补语 一致
8、Let me in.Have your slippers on.这个演员我喜欢极了。小姑娘高兴得很。3. 作为状语英语自由,汉语句首和句中Judiciously and flexibly, the English capitalists start the recruitment of the weak nations around by annexation or subjugation.The teacher reluctantly followed the presidents order.He didnt understand a word at all what the speake
9、r said, evidently.他最喜欢海明威。 忽然,我想起一件事来。英语副词的灵活性:处于句子中的副词,位置非常灵活,意义也有所不同。Only she did some cotton-picking yesterday.She only did some cotton picking yesterday.She did some cotton picking only yesterday.Even Jim fixed the bike.Jim even fixed the bike.Jim fixed even the bike.具体规律 参见论文。四、英语副词知识补充。4.1 兼有两
10、种形式的副词 1) close 与closely close意思是 “近“;closely 意思是“仔细地“ 。例如: He is sitting close to me. 他就坐在我边上。 Watch him closely. 盯着他。 2) late 与lately late 意思是 “晚“;lately 意思是“最近“ 。例如: You have come too late. 你来得太晚了。 What have you been doing lately? 近来好吗? 3) deep与deeply deep意思是 “深“,表示空间深度;deeply时常表示感情上的深度,“深深地“。例如:
11、 He pushed the stick deep into the mud.他把棍子深深插进泥里。 Even father was deeply moved by the film.老爸也被电影深深打动了。 4) high与highly high表示空间高度;highly表示程度,相当于much 。例如: The plane was flying high. 这架飞机飞得很高。 I think highly of your opinion. 你的看法很有道理。 5) wide 与widely wide表示空间宽度; widely意思是“ 广泛地“,“ 在许多地方“。例如: He opened
12、 the door wide. 他把门开得大大的。 English is widely used in the world.英语在世界范围内广泛使用。 6) free 与freely free的意思是“免费“;freely 的意思是“无限制地“ 。例如: You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like.无论什么时候,我这饭铺免费对你开放。 You may speak freely; say what you like.你可以畅所欲言,想说什么就说什么。 4.2貌似副词的形容词 在英语构词法中, 以-ly结尾的词并不是副词,而是形容词。常见
13、的有:e1derly (渐老的 , 年龄相当大的 ), friendly (朋友似的, 友好的), lively (活泼的, 生动的), lonely (孤独的 , 寂寞的 ), lovely (可爱的, 美丽的), orderly (有秩序的,整齐的)4.3即可作形容词又能作副词的 “-ly”副词的用法1) 抽象与具体a) deep和deeply一般说来,用于具体的情况时deep和deeply 均可(但deep更常用); deeply用于抽象的情况。He dived deep /deeply into the water. (具体)I was deeply moved by his hero
14、ic deeds. (抽象)b) high和highly The bird is flying high in the sky. (具体)He was highly thought of by the students. (抽象)c) wide和widelyHe opened his eyes wide. (具体)English is widely used in the world. (抽象)2) 习惯用法a) easy与easily副词easy常用于习语中go easy (宽容 );go easy on (节省);take it easy (放松);easy does it (不着忙) ;
15、get off easy (不受严厉惩罚);stand easy (休息);Easy come, easy go. (来的易去的快)除习语外的情况,多用easily。例如:This TV set can be easily moved about.b) aloud, loud, loudlyaloud “大声地 ”,常与cry, shout连用;表示“出声地” 与silently相对。The boy in the water is crying aloud for help.Please read the text aloud.loud主要说明人的谈笑声音,常与speak, talk, lau
16、gh, say, shout连用。但如果说的是消极行为,则用loudly。loudly 常含有“喧闹、嘈杂、吵闹”之意。He was about to speak loud when the naughty boy began to cry loudly.另外,loudly还可以表示“引人注目地、花哨地”如:Today she is very loudly dressed.c) slow与slowly在walk, run, climb, go, speak, read, burn以及how之后常用 slow, 如:How slow he climbs up the hill!其他场合一般用sl
17、owlyShe eats more slowly of all the family.d) quick与quickly两者意思均为“快地;迅速地”但在“asas”结构中,quick较为多用。He ran as quick as I did at the sports meeting.另外,在口语中, quick通常在词组中作副词,如在 Come quick(快点来)这样的词组中,但在正式写作中,要求使用 quickly3) 意义相似,常可互换。这样的词常见的有:clear / clearly; direct / directly; free / freely; bad / badly; qui
18、et / quietly 等等。但值得注意的是,有些场合带-ly的副词通常表示方式,不带-y 的副词通常表示结果。例如:The door is closed tight. Please tightly close the door.The photo has not come out clear. He remembers the photo clearly.五、英汉互译实践词类转换原则英语汉语 (形容词、动词、名词)Traditionally , there had always been good relations between them.He behaved very well.The struggle is by no means over.His address impressed me deeply.He is physically weak but mentally sound.汉语英语(名、动)会上,代表们一致表示坚决反对两个超级大国的霸权主义。The delegates at the conference unanimously expressed their determination to oppose hegemonism on the part of the two superpowers.