1、,Chapter 8 Imagism,Imagism:Major features: - it was one of the most essential technique of writing poetry in modern period. - with a spirit of revolt against conventions, imagism was antiromantic and anti-victorian,- IN a sense, imagism was equivalent to naturalism in fiction, (Naturalism was based
2、on scientific observation, a feeling of determinism that the reader should look only at the outside objects with no attempt to get inside of them. The imagist writers also had the same feeling of determinism that the reader should look only at the image. If the reader looks at the image, it will evo
3、ke an emotion immediately. ),- it produced free verse without imposing a rhythmical pattern.,- Imagism tried to record objective observations of an object or a situation without interpretation or comment by the poet. (suggestion rather than compete statement),- The most outstanding figures: Ezra Pou
4、nd, Amy Lowell, Hilda Doolittle. The form of free verse (Ezra Loomis Pound),Ezra Pound 庞德 (18851973),Ezra Pound (18851973),Pounds Life Story,born in Hailey, Idaho,University of Pennsylvania Hamilton College Master degree in 1906, Romance languages, Renaissance literature,1908, again abroad,1020, a p
5、ermanentexpatriate,1924, left Paris for Italy,W. W. II, Italian government, radio broadcasts,accused of treason, dismissed in 1958,died in in 1972, in Italy,Pounds Imagist Theories,Imagism flourished from _and involved（含括）quite a number of _and _writers and poets. The Imagist Movement advanced _in _
6、and concentrated on reforming the _of poetry as opposed to (而不是)_.,1909 to 1917,British,American,modernism,arts,medium,Romanticism,The three Imagist poetic principles,1. _of poetic subjects, 2. _of merely ornamental or superfluous words, 3. and_ in the sequence of the musical phrase rather than in t
7、he sequence of a “_”. (直接表现主客观事物,删除一切无助于“表现”的词语,以口语节奏代替传统格律。),direct treatment,elimination,rhythmical composition,metronome,Pounds Major Literary Works,Cathay 华夏集 神州集 中国诗章,based on translationsfrom older Chinese poets like Li Bai,2) Hugh Selwyn Mauberley休赛尔温毛伯利,his disillusionment and his view of hi
8、s own career,Pounds Major Literary Works,3) The Cantos 诗章,It explores western civilization from the classical past through the medieval period and the Renaissance to the modern age,and describes remedies for its cultural ills.,encyclopedic epic poem,Pounds Major Literary Works,5) “In a Station of th
9、e Metro”“在地铁站里”,“A Pact” “合同”，“协约”,庞德曾把“意象”称为 “一刹那间思想和感情的复合体”。,用视觉意象引起联想， 表达一瞬间的直觉和思想。 一般用自由体写作短小篇章。,意象派;映衬对比;音乐性短句,Comments on Ezra Pound,Ezra Pound is generally considered the poet most responsible for defining (characterizing) and promoting a modernist artistic poetry.,Comments on Ezra Pound,In t
10、he early twentieth century, he opened an influential exchange of work and ideas between British and American writers, and was famous for the generosity.,Comments on Ezra Pound,His own significant contributions to poetry begin with his promulgation (spread) of Imagism, a movement in poetry.,Comments
11、on Ezra Pound,He stressed clarity, precision, and economy of language, and foregoing (earlier) traditional rhyme and meter in order to compose in the sequence of the musical phrase .,Pounds Poems,A Pact,In a Station of Metro,In a Station of the Metro (1913) The apparition of these faces in the crowd
12、: Petals on a wet, black bough,Thomas Stearns Eliot : The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock The Waste Land,二. T. S. Eliot (1888 - 1965),I. About the author: Thomas Stearns Eliot, American-British poet and critic, was born from a middle-class family in St. Louis in 1888. During his studies at Harvard i
13、n America, the Sorbonne in Paris, and Oxford in England, Eliot mastered French, Italian, English literature, as well as Sanskrit. In 1914 Eliot accepted a job in London as a bank clerk establishing his residence in London. Soon the erudite young man joined the literary circle of Pound and Yeats and
14、started to write poetry. In 1917 his first poem was published and caused a great deal of comment on both side of the Atlantic. After the bank clerk, Eliot worked as an assistant editor of the Egoist (191719) and edited his own quarterly, the Criterion (192239). With the help of Pound he published hi
15、s best-known work, The Waste Land, in 1922.,His first marriage in 1915 was troubled and ended with their separation in 1933. His subsequent marriage in 1957 was far more successful. In 1925 he was employed by the publishing house of Faber and Faber, eventually becoming one of its directors, a positi
16、on which he held until his death. In 1927 he became a British subject remaining in England where his entire life was devoted to literature. He wrote several plays, but his best work is a group of four long poems entitled Four Quartets, written between 1935 and 1941, which led to his receipt of the N
17、obel Prize in 1948 and made him one of the most distinguished literary figures of the 20th century.,II. His works: Poetry Eliots early poetical worksPrufrock and Other Observations (1917), Poems (1920), and The Waste Land (1922)employing myths, religious symbolism, and literary allusion, signified a
18、 break with 19th-century poetic traditions, express the anguish and barrenness of modern life and the isolation of the individual, particularly as reflected in the failure of love. His later poetry, notably Ash Wednesday (1930) and the Four Quartets (193542), Eliot turned from spiritual desolation t
19、o hope for human salvation.,Eliot was an extraordinarily influential critic, rejecting Romantic notions of unfettered originality and arguing for the impersonality of great art. His later criticism attempts to support Christian culture against what he saw as the empty and fragmented values of secula
20、rism. His outstanding critical works are contained in: The Use of Poetry and the Use of Criticism (1933) Essays Ancient and Modern (1936) Notes towards a Definition of Culture (1948). His plays attempt to revitalize verse drama and usually treat the same themes as in his poetry. The most important i
21、s: Murder in the Cathedral (1935), dealing with the final hours of Thomas Becket.,III. His Style of Poetry: Eliot attempted to produce “pure imagery” with no added meaning or symbolism. He began adding one image to another in such a way that his attitude and mood became clear. In his best works, the
22、 image, his own philosophy and the music of words are all harmoniously blended although he mingled grand images with commonplace ones and combined trivial and tawdry images with traditional poetic subjects. Eliot rarely made his meaning explicit. The internal logic of his poems is carried out by swi
23、ftly accumulating images, suggestions and echoes, depending for their interpretation upon the imagination of the reader.,Wallace Stevens: Harmonium Ideas of Order Owls Clover The Man with Blue Guitar Parts of a world,- Views of Poetry A poet should discover order, pleasure, and meaning in sordidness
24、 of chaotic reality Poetry is fitionalized music which counters the unmusical chaos of reality - Major Features Many of his poems use references to painting, music, and color. His poetry is abstract, philosophical, and difficult Uses of meticulous, exotic language,Robert Lee Frost: New England as th
25、eir setting. The familiar speaking voice Frosts poetic style is highly appreciated in the country,3. Robert Frost,I. His life: Robert Frost was a great poet who was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California. When Frost was two years old, his mother fled to Lawrence, Massachusetts, to get a
26、way from her husband, who was a drunkard. She stayed there until her second baby was born, Jeannie, Roberts sister. Then they went back to San Francisco on a train. A few years later, Roberts father died, so they took the body to Lawrence to be buried in the family cemetery. By the time he was 11, R
27、obert Frost had crossed the U.S. three times. After this rough beginning, Robert went on to become a great poet. He married Elinor White and had 2 kids. Robert never in truth had any jobs, except being a poet, but he published many poems in his lifetime. Robert won four Pultizer awards and read The
28、Gift Outright at the inauguration of John. F. Kennedy. He died on January 29, 1963 of a heart attack. He was 88 years old.,II. His works: Collection of poems: A Boys Will（1913） North of Boston（1914） New Hamphshire（1923） Collected Poems（1930） A Further Range（1936） A Witness Tree（1942） Poems: Birches
29、After Apple-Picking Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening The Road Not Taken,III. Stopping By Woods On A Snowy EveningWhose woods these are I think I know. His house is in the village though; He will not see me stopping here To watch his woods fill up with snow. My little horse must think it queer To
30、 stop without a farmhouse near Between the woods and frozen lake The darkest evening of the year.,He gives his harness bells a shake To ask if there is some mistake. The only other sounds the sweep Of easy wind and downy flake. The woods are lovely, dark and deep. But I have promises to keep, And mi
31、les to go before I sleep, And miles to go before I sleep.,雪夜伫立林边有感 林主曾相识， 村中有其舍， 未悉我在此， 凝视林中雪。 小马颇多疑， 荒野何伫立？ 林边冻湖间， 岁末黑夜里。,小马摇缰铃， 似问有否误， 唯闻飒飒声， 寒风共雪舞。 密林景色美， 信誓不可移， 安眠不可得， 尚须行数里。,It is a peaceful poem and makes man feel relaxed when we read the lines: “The only other sounds the sweep of easy wind an
32、d downy flake.“ Frost also uses alliteration and repetition in his poems. The rhyme scheme he uses is a-a-b-a. It is one of the most quietly moving of Frosts lyrics. On the surface, it seems to be simple, descriptive verses, records of close observation, graphic and homely pictures. It uses the simplest terms and commonest words. But it is deeply meditative, adding far-reaching meanings to the homely music. It uses its superb craftsmanship to come to a climax of responsibility: the promises to be kept, the obligation to be fulfilled. Few poems have said so much in so little.,
