1、第二讲 翻译的一般技巧1,梁超老师： 韦文毅助教：13411982178 考勤10分；6份课内新闻稿作业60分；期末卷30分 无电脑练听力，可用短波王收音机； 50至100元性价比高，买时实测灵敏度，避开静电 屏蔽；第3、4波段；早7点半到8点VOA Special English，晚7点到11点BBC Standard English,第一节 英汉词汇现象的对比,一 词的意义方面语言在发展（进化），词义在变迁 bird鸟人，姑娘（口语）飞机、火箭、卫星,英语词汇意义在汉语里的对应程度，有4种情况：1）完全对应The U.S. State Department 美国国务院 2）部分对应、所指范
2、围有广狭之分marry, gun, sword, cousin 3）部分英语新词找不到汉语对应词democracy, economy, plumber管子工 4）英词一词多义，分别与汉语多个词或词组对应spring,二 词的搭配能力方面英汉语单词在搭配能力上常有差异。 比如：to cut cut wheat cut cake cut finger-nails割麦子；切蛋糕；剪（或修）指甲 思考： wearsurvive,三 词序方面汉语：我们在教室学习。英语：We are studying in the classroom.英汉语句子主要成分（主、谓、宾或表）词序是一致的。但是各种定语或状语的
3、位置却有同有异，变化较多。对比：汉语、英语、日语等的词序我正在吃早餐。 主谓宾I am having breakfast. 主谓宾私朝飯食。 主宾谓,1，定语的位置 1）单词作定语英语单词作定语一般前置，也有后置的；汉语几乎都前置（例外，如，鹏程国际）。 a research-oriented hospital以搞科研为重点的 something important 重要的 The ancient Chinese alchemists 中国古代的 2）短语作定语英语短语作定语几乎都后置；汉语一般前置，也有后置 a book on the desk 桌上的一本书 particles moving
4、 round their atomic nucleus环绕原子核运动的粒子 the decimal system of counting 十进制计算法,思考： 句子作定语，英汉语有何区别？,2，状语的位置 1）单词作状语英语单词状语修饰形容词或其他状语时，前置，与汉语同 John did not distinguish himself as a student, but he was very active. 很活跃英语单词状语修饰动词，后置，汉语一般前置。 Modern science and technology are developing rapidly. 迅速发展英语表示程度的副词修
5、饰状语时，前或后置，汉语前置。 The molecules of a gas are moving about extremely fast in all directions. 非常迅速地 向四面八方 He is running fast enough. 够快,2）短语作状语英语短语状语置于被修饰动词前或后，汉语一般在前，也有在后。两方词序视习惯而定。 With a bag of toys and books, we walked across the garden. 我们提着一口袋玩具和书籍，穿过了花园。 A jeep sped fast, drenching me in spray.一辆
6、吉普车疾驶而过，溅了我一身水。英语地点状语一般在时间状语前，而汉语正好相反。 He was born in Furt on May 27, 1923.一九二三年五月二十七日在菲尔特英语时间、地点状语排列顺序是从小到大，汉从大到小。 I was born in Burdine, Kentucky, in the heart of the Appalachian coal-mining country.,思考： 句子作状语，英汉语有何区别？,第二节 词义的选择、引申与褒贬,一 词义的选择一词多类 一词多义 1，根据词在句中的词类来选择和确定词义 Like charges repel, unlike
7、 charges attract.相同的电荷相斥，不同的电荷相吸。,2，根据上下文联系及词在句中搭配关系来选择和确定词义 to take off: take off her boot take off from the deck 10-inch notebook computers took off in high schools. 脱鞋 从甲板起飞 10英寸笔记本电脑在中学里首先流行,二 词义的引申某些词在英语辞典上找不到适当词义，逐词死译又会造成生硬或误解，怎么办呢？ 1，将词义作抽象化引申Every life has its roses and thorns.每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 2
8、，将词义作具体化引申Vietnam War was his entre to the new Administration.越南战争成了他进入新政府的敲门砖。入场权或进入许可,三 词义的褒贬 1，英语中有些词本身就有褒贬意义，汉译时就要相应地表达出来He was a man of high renown(fame).他是一位有名望的人。 （褒）His notoriety as a rake did not come until his death.他作为流氓的恶名是他死后才传开来的。（贬） 2，英语中有些词义是中立的，本身不表示褒义或贬义，但在一定的上下文中可能有褒贬意味，汉译时要用相应褒贬词
9、表达 ambition, invade, aggressive,1）需用褒义词表达Kennedy was asked to reflect on his hopes and ambitions.有人请肯尼迪谈了他的希望和抱负。2）需用贬义词表达He had lied to me and made me the tool of his wicked deeds.他欺骗了我，使我成了他进行罪恶勾当的工具。As a demanding boss, he expected total loyalty and dedication from his employees.他是个苛刻的老板，要求员工对他忠心
10、耿耿，鞠躬尽瘁。,第三节 词类转译法,一 转译成动词相对于英语，汉语中动词用得比较多。He admires the Presidents stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保住其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。请找出汉译中“对表示钦佩”之外动词的对应词。,1，名词转译成动词英语中大量由动词派生的名词和具有动词意义的名词及其他名词往往译成汉语动词。 They called for the downfall of imperialism, abolition of exploitation of man by man, liberation of th
11、e oppressed of the world. 他们表示要打倒帝国主义，要消灭人剥削人的制度，要解放世界上的被压迫人民（派生，政论体） The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing. 看到我们的喷气式飞机，听到隆隆的飞机声，令我特别神往。（动作意味，记叙、描写文体）,My little brother is a better teacher than I. 我的小弟弟比我教得好。（-er未必指职业） The next news bulletin made no mention of the demo
12、nstration. 下一个新闻节目没有提到游行。（习语中名词，如have a rest, have a good look at）2，前置词转译成动词 （across, past, toward） I barreled straight ahead, across the harbor and out over the sea. 我笔直向前高速飞行，越过港口，飞临海面。,3，形容词转译成动词英语中表示知觉、情感、欲望等心理状态的形容词，在连系动词后作表语时，译成汉语动词。如：confident, certain, careful, cautious, angry, sure, ignoran
13、t, afraid, doubtful, aware, concerned, glad, delightful, sorry, ashamed, thankful, anxious, grateful, able.Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life. 医生们说，他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。,4，副词转译成动词As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on. 他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋子。 The war will soon be over. 战争即将结束。 Sh
14、e opened the window to let fresh air in. 她把窗子打开，让新鲜空气进来。,二 转译成名词 1，英语名词派生动词如果找不到相应汉语动词 Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他们之间的关系有一个特点，就是以礼相待。 He personified the absolute power. 他就是绝对权力的化身。 The guard towers were silhouetted against the sky. 天空映出了瞭望塔的轮廓。 Obama has staffed his new
15、administration. 奥巴马已经为他的新政府作好了人事安排。,2，有些英语被动句子中动词译成“受（遭）到名词”、“予以名词”结构Snow was treated very shabbily by the U.S. press and officialdom during this period. 在这期间，斯诺受到了美国新闻界和政界极不公正的对待。 The hostile satellites must be closely watched. 对敌国卫星活动必须加以密切的观察。,3，形容词转译来有些形容词加上定冠词表示表示某一类人： They did their best to he
16、lp the sick and the wounded. (想一想，还可以举出哪些？) 他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。 其他情况： Stevenson was eloquent and elegantbut soft. 史蒂文森有口才，有风度，但很软弱。 They were considered insincere. 人们认为他们是伪君子。 hypocrite,三 转译成形容词 1，形容词派生名词往往转译成形容词 The pallor of her face indicated clearly how she was feeling at the moment. 她苍白的脸色清楚地表明了她
17、那时的情绪。 His questions reflected the enormity of his doubts. 他提出的问题反映出他有很大的怀疑。 2，有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，译成形容词 Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study. 独立思考对学习是绝对必需的。,四 其他词类转译 1，形容词与副词的互相转译 We took brief, restless naps. 我们短短地、不安地睡了几次。 The President had prepared meticulously for his journey. 总统为这次
18、出访作了十分周密的准备。 This is sheer nonsense. 这完全是胡说。 Buckley was in a clear minority. 巴克利显然属于少数。,2，名词与副词的相互转译 When he catches a glimpse of a potential antagonist, his instinct is to win him over with charm and humor. 只要一发现有可能反对他的人，他就本能地要用他的魅力和风趣将这人争取过来。 The new mayor earned some appreciation by the courtesy
19、 of coming to visit the city poor. 新市长有礼貌地前来访问城市贫民，获得了他们一些好感。 They have not done so well ideologically as organizationally. 他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。 He is physically weak but mentally sound. 他的体质虽然欠佳，智力却很健康。,第四节 增词法,英汉两种语言，由于表达方式不尽相同，翻译时既可能要将词类加以转换，又可能要在词量上加以增减。增加 原文中 虽无其词 而有其意 词,一 根据意义上或修辞上的需要 1，增加动词 A
20、fter the banquets, the concerts ant the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. 在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后，他还得起草最后公报。 2，增加形容词 The enemy plane twisted under me, trailing flame and smoke. 敌机在下面螺旋下降，拖着浓烟烈焰掉了下去。,3，增加副词 The crowds melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 As he sat down a
21、nd began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下来就讲开了，滔滔不绝地讲个没完。 4，增加名词 Day after day he came to his worksweeping, scrubbing, cleaning. （不及物动词后） 他每天来干活扫地，擦地板，收拾房间。 This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。 （形容词前）,由动词或形容词派生的抽象名词，有些后面加适当名词，如persuade说服persuasion说服工作，自满arrogantarrogance自满情绪 The Jap
22、anese government publicly urged an easing of tensions with China. 日本政府公开主张缓和同中国的紧张关系。 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. （具体名词后） 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情，而判决他儿子有罪。 5，增加表示名词复数的词 Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。 The lion is the king of animals. 狮是百兽之王
23、。,6，增加表示时态的词 Maybe he was as poor as we are. 他过去也许跟我们现在一样穷。 7，增加语气词 Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛！我不过开开玩笑罢了。 8，增加量词 a red sun一轮红日 a crescent moon一钩新月a stream一弯溪水 have a quarrel争吵一番,9，增加概括词或承上启下的词The thesis summed up the new achievements made in electronic computers, artifi
24、cial satellites and rockets. 论文总结了电子计算机、人造卫星和火箭三方面的新成就。 Mistakes had been made, bad ones. 已经犯了许多错误，而且还是很糟的错误。,二 根据句法上的需要 1，增补原文回答句中的省略部分Is this your book? Yes, it is.这是你的书吗？是我的。 2，增补原文句子中省略的动词 Reading makes a full man; conference a ready man; writing an exact man. 读书使人充实，讨论使人机智，写作使人准确。 3，增补原文比较句中的省略
25、部分 The footmen were as ready to serve her as they were their own mistress. 仆人们愿意服侍她，就像他们愿意服侍他们的女主人一样。,第五节 省略法,省略是删去一些可有可无的，或者有了反嫌累赘或违背译文语言习惯的词。但是，省略并不是把原文的某些思想内容删除。,一 从语法角度出发的省略 1，省略代词 汉语前句出现主语，后句同一主语，不必重复出现 He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable. 他消瘦而憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。 We live and learn. 活到老，学到老
26、。 The more he tried to hide his warts, the more he revealed them. 他越是要掩盖他的肉疣，就越是会暴露。,He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing. 他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一句话也不说。2，省略非人称的或强调句中的it Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs. 外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。 It was with some difficul
27、ty that he found the way to his own house. 他费了不少劲才找到了回家的路。,3，省略连接词 汉语词语之间连接词用得不多，其上下逻辑关系常是暗含的，由词语的次序来表示。 He looked gloomy and troubled. 他看上去有些忧愁不安。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天来了，春天还会远吗？ 4，省略冠词 The horse is a useful animal. A teacher should have patience in his work. The onlookers s
28、aw the little party climb ashore. （不能省）看的人只见那（或这）一小队人爬上岸去。,二 从修辞角度出发的省略 1，英语句子中有些短语重复出现，英译汉时可按情况作适当省略 University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not. 报考大学的人，有工作经验的（比没工作经验的）优先录取。 2，根据汉语习惯，译文可省略一些可有可无的词。 The leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead. 叶落草枯。（树叶从树上落下来，草也枯死了。）,第六节 小结,本讲学到了哪些知识？,
