1、Unit 4 Amplification,Part I Amplification inEnglishChinese Translation,Warm-up: Translation,“If so grand (显赫的,阔气的), why so poor? If so poor, why so grand?” “既然那么阔,干嘛要-穷?既然那么穷,干嘛-阔气?”“既然那么阔,干嘛要叫穷?既然那么穷,干嘛摆阔气?”,First you borrow, then you beg. 头一遭借-,下一遭就是讨-。 头一遭借钱,下一遭就是讨饭。,Why Amplification,由于英汉两种语言表达方
2、式不尽相同。增词法就是在翻译时按意义上(或修辞上)和句法上的需要增加一些词来更忠实通顺地表达原文的思想内容。这当然不是无中生有地随意增词,而是增加原文中虽无其词而有其意的一些词。,1.增加动词,In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communiqu(公报). 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会、观看乒乓球表演之后,他还得起草最后公报。,There were no speeches, no
3、foreign diplomats, no “ordinary Chinese” with paper flags and bouquets of flowers. 没有发表讲话,没有各国外交官到场,也没有“普通中国人”挥舞纸旗、花束的场面。,2.增加表达时态的词,英语动词的时态靠动词词形变化(如write, wrote)或加助动词(如will write, have written)来表达的。汉语动词没有词形变化,表达时态要靠增加汉语特有的时态助词或一般表达时间的词。因此,翻译时往往用“曾”、“已经”、“过了”、“了”;翻译进行时往往用“在”、“正在”、“着”;翻译将来时往往用“将”、“就”
4、、“会”、“便”等。除此之外,为了强调时间要领或强调时间上的对比,往往需要加一些其它的词。,对某些时间概念进行强调时。 Napoleon said: “we wont retreat; we never have and never will.” 拿破仑说: “ 我们不会后退,我们从来没有后退过, 我们将来也绝不会后退。 ”,强调时间上的对比时,往往需要加一些词。 The old man said: “They say his father was a fisherman. Maybe he was as poor as we are.” 老头儿说:“听人说,从前他爸爸是个打鱼的。他过去也许和
5、我们现在一样穷。”,3.增加形容词,With what enthusiasm the Chinese people are building socialism! 中国人民正在以多么高的热情建设社会主义啊! “Army will make a man of him”, said his father. 他的父亲说:“军队会把他造就成为一个堂堂的男子汉。”,4.增加副词,根据原文的上下文,有些动词在一定场合可增加适当的副词,才能确切表达原意。 The crowd melted away. 人群渐渐散开了。 As he sat down and began talking, words poure
6、d out. 他一坐下来就讲开了,滔滔不绝地讲个没完。,5.增加名词,英语中有些动词用作及物动词,有时用作不及物动词时,宾语实际上是隐含在动词后面的,译成汉语往往需要把它表达出来。 Day after day he came to his work-sweeping, scrubbing and cleaning. 他每天来干活扫地,擦地板,收拾房间。,Mary washed for a living after her husband died of acute(急性的) pneumonia(肺炎). 玛丽在丈夫患急性肺炎过世后,就靠洗衣服维持生活。,在形容词前增加名词 A new kind
7、 of aircraft-small, cheap, pilotless- is attracting increasing attention. 一种新型的飞机正越来越引起人们的注意这种飞机体积不大,价钱便宜,无人驾驶。 This typewriter is indeed cheap and fine. 这部打字机真是价廉物美。,某些由动词或形容词派生来的抽象名词,翻译时可根据上下文在其后面增添适当的名词,使译文更合乎规范。 After all preparation were made, the planes were flown across the U.S. to San Franci
8、sco. 一切准备工作就绪后,飞机就飞越美国去旧金山。,当具体名词表达一种抽象概念时,译文中也常根据上下文增加些适当的名词。 He allowed the father to be overruled by the judge, and declared his own son guilty. 他让法官的职责战胜父子的私情,而判决他儿子有罪。,1.英语中数词(包括不定冠词a)与可数名词往往直接连用,它们之间没有量词,而汉语却往往要借助量词。因此翻译时应根据汉语表达习惯恰当地增加表示其形状、特殊或材料的名量词。,6.增加量词,A red sun rose slowly from the calm
9、 sea. 一轮红日从风平浪静的海面冉冉升起。 Once, they had a quarrel. 有一次,他们争吵了一番。 He gave her a sly look. 他狡猾地看了她一眼。,7.增加表示名词复数的词,汉语名词的复数没有词形变化,英语名词复数,汉译时还可以根据情况,增加重迭词、数词或其它一些词来表达,这样做还可以提高修辞效果。(1)增加重迭词表示复数 Flowers bloom all over the yard. 朵朵鲜花开满了庭院。,The lion is the king of animals. 狮子是百兽之王。 The mountains began to thro
10、w their long blue shadows over the valley. 群山已在山谷里开始投下蔚蓝色长影。,8.增加语气助词,汉语有许多语气助词,如“的”、“吧”、“呢”、“啊”、“呀”、“嘛”、“吗”、“啦”、“了”、“罢”、“而已”等等。不同的语气助词可以发生不同的作用。英译汉时细心体会原文,增加一些汉语所特有的语气词,可以更好地表达原作的意义和修辞色彩。 1. Dont take it seriously. Im just making fun of you. 不要认真嘛!我不过开开玩笑罢了。,As for me, I didnt agree from the very b
11、eginning. 我呢,从一开始就不赞成。,9.增加根据上下文需要及反映背景情况的词,In April, there was the “ping” heard around the world. In July, the ping “ponged”. 四月里,全世界听到中国“乒”的一声把球打了出去,到了七月,美国“乓”的一声把球打了回来。,Bundy was not considered to have signed on, and it was known that the President was wavering, that Ball was making his stand. 一般
12、认为,邦迪没有同意轰炸,总统还在犹豫不决,而鲍尔已明确反对轰炸。,10.增加概括词,英语和汉语都有概括词。英语中的in short, and so one, etc.等翻译时可以分别译为“总之”、“等等”。但有时英语句中没有概括词,在翻译时却往往可增加“两人”、“双方”、“等等”等、“凡此种种”等等概括词,同时省略掉英语中的连接词。如you and I你和我两个人。 The Soviet Union, the United States, England and France 苏、美、英、法四国 Militarily, politically and economically 军事、政治、经济等各方面,11.增加承上启下的词,1. Yes, I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days, sort of the fashion. 不错,我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人喜欢中国菜,这种情况算是有点赶时髦吧! 2.For mistakes had been made, bad ones. 因为已经犯了许多错误,而且还是很糟的错误。,Thank you!,