1、 what are the most important culture differences and elements of intercultural coAs e all kn, different untries have different ultures. ulture is the lletive prgraing f the ind hih distinguishes the ebers f ne ategry f peple fr anther. (Hfstede, 1991)It is inevitable that the ultural differene has i
2、pat n business. Fr exaple, hen a pany having eeting, the rd table in Aerian English that eans t put sething n the agenda. But in British English it eans t put sething ff the agenda. This exaple indiated h the ulture affets the business.There are fur ultural diensins that ere defined in Hfstedes rese
3、arh: Per distane, Unertainty avidane, Individualis, asulinity, and reently Hfstede add ne re: lng-ter-shrt-ter rientatin.hat I think the st signifiant influene in ultural differene is the per distane. (Heklin,1995:28)It uld nditin the extent t hih eplyees aept that their bss has re per than they hav
4、e and the extent t hih they aept that their bsss pinins and deisins are right beause he r she is the bss. I nsidered it as h uh subrdinates an nsent r dissent ith bsses r anagers. It is the distane beteen a anager and subrdinate. Ang st riental rprate ultures, there is hierarhis, greater entralizati
5、n, seties alled per-riented ulture, due t the histrial reasns. That is a high per distane ulture that angers ake the deisin and superirs appeal t be entitled re privileges. Their deisin alays lse supervisin psitively evaluated by subrdinates. In this situatin, it is nt be regarded if a subrdinates h
6、ave a disagreeent ith their anagers, espeially in alaysia, Japan, hina, India. In the riental, per distane is als assiated ith the faily ulture (Trpernaars, 1993:139). In this kind f rprate ulture the anager is like the aring father h kns better than his subrdinates hat shuld be dne and hat is suita
7、ble fr the. The subrdinates alays estee the anagers. Beause f the anagers age and experiene. That is usually h eplyees get their prtin. There are bth psitive and negative parts in the faily ultures. I feel it is an easy anaging syste. But setie it is hard t get yung reative eplyees rk ell ause f the
8、 hierarhy. As Trpenaars (1993: 142) tld us faily ulture at their least effetive drain the energies and lyalties f subrdinates t buy up the leader. S in faily ulture, the per distane an be vieed as the subrdinates respet the superirs.That is the rprate ulture in rient. Let us take a lk at the estern
9、ay. It is nt a hle nverse phenenn. There is the Eiffel Ter ulture (Trpernaars, 1997:166) in the internatinal anageent. Abut the Eiffel ter Trpenaars (1993: 148) tld us Its hierarhy is very different fr that f the faily. Eah higher level has a lear and denstrable funtin f hlding tgether the level ben
10、eath it. Geran, Austrian have the harateristi f the Eiffel Ter ulture, hih is a l per distane. In the ler per distane, (Heklin, 1995:31) higher-eduated eplyees hld uh less authritarian values than ler-eduated nes. The bediene shed fr the subrdinates t the superirs is nt as uh as the riental ay. The
11、leadership an be alled as hierarhy and nsensus. Eplyee an have different pinin ith his/her bss. And hen he/she gt different ideas, he/she an g all the ay up t the bss and disuss the prble. This is a gd thing usually pany ay explre all the ptentials f its eplyees, beause setie the subrdinates ay have
12、 the better idea f the business.I think beause f the different realizatin f per distane, peple behave pletely different in business. S nflit and isunderstanding ust be eerged hen t r re interultures eet up. Under this situatin, the internatinal anagers ust pay attentin t the lashes and be aare f. H
13、t rk the subrdinates tgether effiiently and re peratively is iprtant t.And then there is als a large disrepany n the unertainty avidane. (Heklin, 1995:31) defined Unertainty avidane is the lak f tlerane fr abiguity and the need fr fral rules. That eans peple trying t setup rules t fae t the unertain
14、ty. There is high unertainty avidane in st riental untries suh as Japan, hina. In these untries, peple prefer a stable jb. They feel safe and prideful hen they keep rking hard at the ne plae. Under this irustane, an exellent anager shuld keep his eplyee aay fr unpreditable risk. And the eplyee uld l
15、ike t be rked ithin grups rather than independently ause f the less risk-taking. But in st estern untries, there is l unertainty avidane shed, hereas high jb bility urs in thse untries suh as USA, Denark, Singapre. The estern peple think that hen they hange their jbs, they an get re experiene ause t
16、hey like hallenge. I believe that the divergene f the unertainty avidane is fr different basi sial idelgy. A petent anager shuld pay attentin n the rules setting beteen different unertainty avidane. The isreading f that ay affet the initiative and the aspiratin f the subrdinates.The third diensin Hf
17、stede indiated is the individualis. It is a nern fr yurself as an individual as ppsed t nern fr the grup. The pririty f self-nern r grup-nern varies fr different ultures. Fr exaple, st estern eplyees like t rk ith their n plan fr defending their interest. That is a high individualis. Beause f the di
18、fferent attitude t rk, the inubatr ulture (Trpernaars, 1997:175) arises hen rss-ultural individuals rk tgether as a grup. Trpenaars (1993: 158) tld us the inubatr is bth persnal and egalitarian. Peple d nt perate at all. They just siply rk in their n ays, fll their n rules, and ahieve their n bjetiv
19、e. They d nt like t be interfered by thers. It is gd fr a pany t gather as uh ideas as they an hen starting a ne prgra. But h t anage these individuals t reah the grup gal shuld be the aareness fr anagers. I think h is gd at this shuld be gd at gruping, trubleshting, and rdinating skills.Finally Hfs
20、ted pinted ut the asulinity. That is abut the sexual inequality. Arding t Hfstedes definitins, asuline sieties define gender rles re rigidly than feinine sieties. In business, anagers shuld take a big nern f the treatent t different sex under different ultural influene. In tdays rld, beause f the as
21、uline value and pint f vie, ales take st senir anaging psitins. But a experiened anager suppse kne that it is harnius that en rk ith en sine en seties are re sensitive. Therefre, h t balane the asulinity/feininity fr different ulture and bakgrund in rder t axiize the tea per is rth nsidering by anag
22、ers.The abve fur diensins illuinated the st iprtant ultural differenes that affet n business. Internatinal anagers shuld be able t aare nt nly the ultural differene but als the interultural uniatin.Gudykunst and Ki (1992:13-14) lassify interultural uniatin as a transatinal, sybli press invlving the
23、attributin f eaning beteen peple fr different ultures. Different natins use different languages, s there ill be lss r isunderstanding during interpreting. And in se ulture, peple use ipliit rds re than thers, like hina. Thus, the nn-verbal uniatin is iprtant, espeially the seni uniatin. It inludes g
24、estures, bdy language, eye ntating. The re seni part in uniatin, the harder fr peple t transit and reeive infratin. Anther part is the nept f tie. Fr that, puntuality is the sae but reflets different reality. e all kn tie is ney. But hen there is a nferene, the Geran usually presents 5 inutes befre
25、the start. Spanish ill be late fr 15 inutes. But in their ind they are bth n tie. That is sething that anagers shuld understand. In y ind, there is anther aspet f tie, alled the use f tie. The Aerian and Nrthern Eurpean have a linear tie nept. These sieties are referred t as Tie-Bund sieties. Suther
26、n Eurpeans and Arabs regard tie in a linear ay but re things they an d r handle at the sae tie. That an be alled ulti-ative tie. And then there is the Asian vie f tie, ylial tie. Asian thinks tie ill e arund again hen it pass aay, als the pprtunities and risks. Besides the abve three aspets f uniati
27、ns, there left the spae. It is a big nern f in interultural uniatins. hen yu have a nversatin ith a freign business partner, the spae beteen yu and hi are referred t the persnal bundary f every ulture. Ignrane f spae an be lead t real bad ipressin fr ther side.The last but nt the least, I uld like t
28、 talk sething abut the rss-ulture negtiatin I researhed. Negtiatin is a urse that at least t grups f peple trying t reah an agreeent ith the thers fr their n benefit. There are t things in negtiatin: the tpi and the urse. During rss-ulture negtiatin, the urse is the ruial bstrutin. Different negtiat
29、in ays are prdued by different ultures. Under this irustane, there is a lassi standpint f predures: explring ith n bjetive, task riented, persuading perid, and sign ntrat. Internatinal anagers shuld be aare f every predure. And during eah predure, the strategy, tehnique, substane, tie, sequene and t
30、he fal pint are different.In this essay, I rte abut the ultural differenes. There are fur diensins: per distane, unertainty avidane, individualis and asulinity. After that, I talked abut the interultural uniatin, hih ntains language, nn-verbal uniatin, tie and spae nept. The nlusin is different ultu
31、res d ause prbles in business. e annt hange r slve the ultural differene. T avid isunderstanding, lashes, and bias, the internatinal anagers shuld realize and understand the different ultures, adapt theselves t fit int the business envirnent in rder t get the best ahieveent in business.Bibligraphy G
32、udykunst, . B. Ki Y. Y. (1992). uniating ith strangers: An apprah t interultural uniatin. Ne Yrk: Gra Hill, In.Heklin L. (1995). anaging ultural Differenes: Strategies fr petitive Advantage. Essex: Addisn-esleyHfstede G. (2001). ultures nsequene. Lndn: Sage Publiatins.Trpenaars F. (1993). Riding the aves f ulture: Understanding ultural Diversity in Business. Lndn: The Enist Bks. Trpenaars F. and Hapden-Turner . (1997). Riding the aves f ulture: Understanding ultural Diversity in Business. Lndn: Nihlas Brealey
