1、Porcine and Rangiferine Brucellosis: Brucella suis,Enzootic Abortion, Contagious Abortion, Undulant Fever,Overview,Organism History Epidemiology Transmission Disease in Humans Disease in Animals Prevention and Control Actions to Take,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University,
2、 2012,The Organism,The Organism,Brucella suis Gram negative coccobacillus Facultative intracellular pathogen Five biovars 1, 2, 3: pigs 4: reindeer and caribou 5: rodents Can persist in the environment,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,The Many Names of Brucello
3、sis,Human Disease Malta Fever Undulant Fever Mediterranean Fever Rock Fever of Gibraltar Gastric Fever,Animal Disease Bangs Disease Enzootic Abortion Epizootic Abortion Slinking of Calves Ram Epididymitis Contagious Abortion,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,His
4、tory,History of Brucellosis,Early 1800s Sir William Burnett differentiates fevers affecting seamen in the Mediterranean Late 1880s Sir David Bruce isolates the cause of Malta fever, Micrococcus melitensis Dr. Bernhard Band discovers cause of cattle abortion in Denmark, Bacterium abortus (“Bangs dise
5、ase”),Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,History of Brucella suis,1914: B. suis first recognized 1972: National Brucellosis Eradication Program B. suis now eliminated from commercial swine herds in U.S. Feral swine an emerging reservoir,Center for Food Security a
6、nd Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Epidemiology,Geographic Distribution,Worldwide in swine-raising regions Eradicated from domestic pigs U.S., United Kingdom, Canada, Europe Occurs in feral swine in many areas Sporadic outbreaks South and Central America Asia Africa,Center for Food Securi
7、ty and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Geographic Distribution,Biovars 1 and 3 Worldwide Biovar 2 Wild boar in Europe Biovar 4 (rangiferine brucellosis) Arctic regions of N. America, Russia Biovar 5 (murine brucellosis) Former USSR,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State Un
8、iversity, 2012,Geographic Distribution,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,In the United States,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Populations at Risk,Occupational disease Laboratory workers Abattoir workers Farmers, herders Ve
9、terinarians Hunters Travelers Consumers Unpasteurized dairy products,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Species Affected,Domestic and feral pigs European hares Caribou and reindeer Moose, cattle, Arctic foxes, wolves Small rodents Cattle, small ruminants, horses,
10、 dogs, and other spillover hosts,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Transmission,Transmission in Humans,Contamination of: Mucous membranes Abraded skin Ingestion Unpasteurized milk Bone marrow,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 201
11、2,Transmission in Pigs,Ingestion Contaminated feed Venereal Fomites Minimally important routes Inhalation Via broken skin or conjunctiva,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Disease in Humans,Disease in Humans,May be asymptomatic If symptomatic: Disease is variable
12、 Often begins as acute febrile illness with influenza-like signs Spontaneous recovery possible Disease may wax and wane,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Treatment and Prognosis in Humans,Possible complications Arthritis, spondylitis, chronic fatigue, epididymo-
13、orchitis Neurologic signs Treatment with antibiotics Relapses possible Low mortality 2 to 5% (untreated cases) Death from endocarditis, meningitis,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Disease in Animals,Disease in Swine,Clinical signs Abortion Weak or stillborn pig
14、lets Metritis Epididymitis and orchitis Abscesses Sterility (may be permanent) Swollen joints, tendon sheaths,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Disease in Other Animals,Hares (biovar 2) Nodules in internal organs Horses Inflammation of: Supraspinous bursa (fistu
15、lous withers) Supra-atlantal bursa (poll evil) Caribou and reindeer (biovar 4) Abortion, retained placenta, metritis Lameness,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Morbidity and Mortality,B. suis eradiated from domesticated swine in most developed countries Found in
16、 U.S. feral swine Biovar 2: European wild boar Morbidity high in nave herds High abortion rates Non-specific infertility in endemic herds Mortality rare in adult pigs,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Differential Diagnosis,Aujeszkys disease Leptospirosis Erysip
17、elas Salmonellosis Streptococcidiosis Classical swine fever Porcine parvovirus,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Collecting Samples,Testes Vaginal swabs or semen Fetal organs Placenta Adult necropsy Spleen, genital lymph nodes, liver, uterus,Center for Food Secu
18、rity and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Laboratory Diagnosis,Culture and identification Phage typing Biochemical characteristics Genetic techniques (e.g., PCR) Serology Best for herd surveillance Cross-reactions may occur ELISA, buffered Brucella antigen tests, complement fixation,Center
19、 for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Prevention and Control,Recommended Actions,Notification of authorities Federal Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) http:/www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/area_offices/ State veterinarian http:/www.aphis.usda.gov/emergency_response/down
20、loads/nahems/fad.pdf,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Prevention and Control,Prevent introduction Test, obtain animals from brucellosis-free areas Herd eradication Test, depopulate, slaughter, genetics General infection control Disinfection Hygiene,Center for F
21、ood Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Prevention and Control,Education about risk of transmission Laboratory workers, abattoir workers, farmers, herders, veterinarians Wear proper attire if dealing with infected animals/tissues Gloves, masks, goggles,Center for Food Security an
22、d Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,Prevention and Control,Readily killed by most disinfectants Hypochlorite 70% ethanol Isopropanol Iodophores Phenolics Formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde Quaternary ammonium compounds not recommended,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State Universi
23、ty, 2012,Additional Resources,Center for Food Security and Public Health www.cfsph.iastate.edu CDC Brucellosis http:/www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/brucellosis_g.htm USDA APHIS Swine Brucellosis http:/www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/animal_dis_spec/swine/,Center for Food Security and Public He
24、alth, Iowa State University, 2012,Acknowledgments,Development of this presentation was made possible through grants provided to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University, College of Veterinary Medicine from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the U.S. Depart
25、ment of Agriculture, the Iowa Homeland Security and Emergency Management Division, and the Multi-State Partnership for Security in Agriculture.Authors: Kerry Leedom Larson, DVM, MPH, PhD, DACVPM; Anna Rovid Spickler, DVM, PhD; Sarah Viera, MPH Reviewer: Glenda Dvorak, DVM, MPH, DACVPM,Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2012,
