1、HDL与缺血性卒中,动脉粥样硬化的发生机制 100年的探索:胆固醇与动脉粥样硬化的关系,Nikolai N. Anichkov(18851964),早期动脉粥样硬化认识大事记,Tex Heart Inst J. 2006; 33(4): 417423,心脑血管事件共同发病土壤:AS,动脉粥样硬化: 缺血性卒中的重要发病机制,动脉粥样 硬化斑块,血栓形成,栓子脱落 堵塞远端,原位 血栓栓塞,在中国,缺血性卒中患者65% 存在颅内外动脉粥样硬化,赵性泉,2009中国ICAS报告,卒中的危险因素,确切的不可控因素 年龄 性别 出生低体重 人种 基因,确切的可控因素 血压 吸烟 糖尿病 房颤 其他心血
2、管疾病 血脂紊乱 无症状颈动脉狭窄 镰状细胞贫血 绝经后激素替代疗法 饮食和营养 缺乏体力活动 肥胖和体脂分布,不确切的可能可控因素 代谢综合征 酒精滥用 药物滥用 口服避孕药 睡眠障碍性呼吸 偏头痛 高半胱氨酸血症 Lp(a)升高 脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2升高 炎症 感染 阿司匹林,什么是血脂紊乱?,根据ATPIII,血脂紊乱是指: 高LDL-C 低HDL-C 高VLDL-C 高甘油三酯,LDL-C下降抑制动脉粥样硬化进展,他汀临床研究的分析 降低LDL-C水平,卒中风险降低,LDL-C每降低10%, 卒中的相对危险降低7.5%;一级预防卒中相对危险下降13.5% LDL-C每降低1mmol/L
3、, 卒中相对风险下降21.1%;一级预防卒中相对风险下降35.9%,Lancet Neurol 2009; 8: 45363,降低LDL-C并不能完全降低心脑血管危险,*Nonfatal myocardial infarction and coronary heart death; *Primary prevention trial; *Secondary prevention trial WOSCOPS=West of Scotland Coronary Prevention Study; AFCAPS/TexCAPS=Air Force/Texas Coronary Atheroscler
4、osis Prevention Study; ASCOT-LLA=Anglo- Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes TrialLipid Lowering Arm; 4S=Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study; CARE=Cholesterol and Recurrent Events; LIPID=Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischemic Disease; HPS=Heart Protection Study; PROSPER=Prospective Study o
5、f Pravastatin in the Elderly at Risk Adapted from Mahley RW, Bersot TP. In: Goodman 360:16231630.,相比于常规剂量他汀研究 强化他汀治疗的绝对获益(NNT)更小,PROVE IT-TIMI 22, Pravastatin or Atorvastatin Evaluation and Infection TherapyThrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 22; IDEAL, Incremental Decrease in End Points Through A
6、ggressive Lipid Lowering; TNT, Treating to New Targets. *Mean or median LDL-C after treatment. 1Superko HR. Br J Cardiol. 2006;13:131-136; 2Cannon CP et al. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:1495-1504; 3Pedersen TR et al. JAMA. 2005;294:2437-2445; 4LaRosa JC et al. N Engl J Med. 2005;352:1425-1435.,Patients Ex
7、periencing Major CVD Events, %,N,LDL-C,* mg/dL,4162,8888,10,001,95,62,104,81,101,77,HDL-C 另一个重要的危险因素,根据ATPIII 尽管LDL-C是将胆固醇治疗的首选目标但低的HDL-C与心脑血管的风险呈显著负相关,HDL-C与缺血性卒中,流行病学研究显示HDL-C与缺血性卒中危险的关系 HDL-C与缺血性卒中风危险成反比 Copenhagen City Heart Study Oyabe Study Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study Northern Manhatt
8、an Stroke Study (NOMASS) CHS studyMeta分析显示 HDL-C每升高10mg/dL,卒中风 险下降11%至15%,Stroke. 2011;42:01-68,哥本哈根研究,HDL与非出血性卒中事件呈持续的,显著的负相关。 HDL每上升1mmol/L,非出血性卒中危险减少47%。,Oyabe 研究,基线HDL-C与卒中风险,Stroke 2003; 34:863-8.,Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study,HDL下降0.26mmol/L(10mg/dL),缺血性卒中死亡增加17% HDL下降5%,缺血性卒中死亡增加18%,St
9、roke 1997;28:83-87,NOMASS研究,JAMA. 2001;285:2729-2735,调整了LDL-C,TG以及其它危险因素后,HDL-C上升仍显著减少缺血性卒中的发生率。,CHS 研究,J Am Geriatr Soc 2004;52:16391647.,在男性中,高HDL-C水平与缺血性卒中风险下降相关,抗氧化 作用,抗血栓形成 作用,胆固醇 逆向转运细胞胆固醇 移出,抑制细胞凋亡 作用,抗炎作用,HDL,抗感染作用,Chapman MJ et al. Curr Med Res Opin. 2004,20:1253-1268, Assmann G et al. Annu
10、 Rev Med. 2003,54:321-341.,内皮修复,扩血管 作用,HDL的抗动脉粥样硬化作用,HDL的结构,Rye KA et al. Atherosclerosis 1999;145:227-238.,包含甘油三酯和胆固醇脂的疏水性核心,apoA-II,表面为单层磷脂 和游离胆固醇,apoA-I,Structure of high-density lipoprotein (A),胆汁,外周细胞,肝脏,血液多余的胆固醇,胆固醇逆向转运,CE,FC,巨噬细胞,ABC1,初生的HDL从肝脏 小肠产生,FC,A-1,LCAT,A-1,成熟的HDL,CE,SR-B1,CE,FC,胆汁,CE
11、= cholesterol ester; FC= free cholesterol; A-1= apolipoproteinA-1; ABC1= ATP-binding cassettte protein-1; LCAT= Lecithin:cholesterol acyl transeferase; SR-B1=scavenger receptor class B1,胆固醇逆向转运和HDL代谢,胆固醇逆向转运:HDL的功能更重要,CETP = cholesterol ester transfer protein; LDL = low-density lipoprotein LDLR = lo
12、w-density lipoprotein receptor; VLDL = very-low-density lipoprotein LCAT= lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase; FC = Free Cholesterol LXR = liver X receptor; ABCA1(G1) = adenosine triphosphate cassette binding transporter A1 (G1);,胆固醇逆向转运,巨噬细胞摄取外周组织胆固醇并转递给HDL: 通过ABCA1交给贫脂apoA-I 通过ABCG1或SR-BI交给成熟的HDL
13、(LXR/RXR和PPARs调节巨噬细胞外递胆固醇)HDL将胆固醇送到肝脏并被合成胆汁酸 肝脏选择性摄取胆固醇(LDL受体) 通过HDL受体即SR-BI摄取胆固醇 HDL在CETP作用下,将胆固醇转给apoB,再经LDL受体被肝脏摄取,LDL与HDL的不同作用,斑块逆转与他汀治疗的关系Post hoc分析 斑块负荷变化与他汀改变HDL-C水平关系的科学发现,斑块负荷与LDL-C和HDL-C变化的关系,REVERSAL(502),1455例接受他汀治疗的CAD患者的事后分析 (REVERSAL, CAMELOT, ACTIVATE, ASTEROID),18或24个月,CAMELOT(240),
14、ACTIVATE(364),ASTEROID(349),Nicholls SJ, et al. JAMA. 2007 Feb; 297(5): 499-508.,Nicholls SJ, et al. JAMA. 2007 Feb; 297(5): 499-508.,大于5的斑块消退见于LDL-C降至85mg/dl且HDL-C升高达7.5%以上的患者,TNT研究: HDL-C水平与心血管事件相关,28,12,10,8,6,4,2,0,HR (95% CI) versus Q1:Q2: 1.00 (0.82-1.21)Q3: 0.80 (0.65-0.99)Q4: 0.92 (0.74-1.13
15、)Q5: 0.75 (0.60-0.95),*CHD death, nonfatal nonprocedure-related MI, resuscitation after cardiac arrest, or fatal or nonfatal stroke. Q = quintile. Barter P, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1301-1310.,Q1 (38),Q2 (38 to 43),Q3 (43 to 48),Q4 (48 to 55),Q5 (55),Quintile of HDL-C Level (mg/dL),5-Yr Risk of
16、 Major Cardiovascular Events (%),No. of Events,204,220,169,188,157,TNT研究: HDL-C水平与LDL-C低于70mg/dL患者的心血管事件依然相关,29,HR (95% CI) versus Q1:Q2 0.85 (0.57-1.25)Q3 0.57 (0.36-0.88)Q4 0.55 (0.35-0.86)Q5 0.61 (0.38-0.97),*CHD death, nonfatal nonprocedure-related MI, resuscitation after cardiac arrest, or fata
17、l or nonfatal stroke. Barter P, et al. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:1301-1310.,12,10,8,6,4,2,0,Q1 (37),Q2 (37 to 42),Q3 (42 to 47),Q4 (47 to 55),Q5 (55),Quintile of HDL-C Level (mg/dL),5-Yr Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events (%),No of Events No. of Patients,57 473,50 525,34 550,34 569,35 544,辛伐他汀与阿托伐他汀:
18、HDL-C和ApoA1,n=384,n=392,n=382,n=379,2.5%,-3.5%,7.6%,3.1%,P0.001,P0.001,Mean % Change,*Average of weeks 18, 24, 30 and 36 Crouse JR. Presented at the Am Coll Cardiol (49th Session); March 14, 2000; Anaheim, CA, USA.,Apo A-1,辛伐他汀与阿托伐他汀相比,在18周和36周显著升高HDL-C 和 apo A-1,HDL-C,阿托伐他汀随着使用剂量的增加,HDL-C水平不升 反降,但是
19、具体的机制一直没有明确,大剂量阿托伐他汀降低HDL-C的机理,阿托伐他汀,肝脏ApoA1产生 增加2倍,肝脏ApoA1降解 增加3倍,HDL-C,ApoA1,Briand et al.Europe journal of clinical investigation.2006,36,224-230,研究设计: 7只血脂指标正常的试验Beagle犬服用阿托伐他汀5mg/kg/天,共6周。服药前后测定HDL-C和ApoA1的代谢状况。研究显示阿托伐他汀增加动物肝脏对HDL1的摄取,辛伐他汀可以显著提高 胆固醇逆向转运功能,*: p0.05 ABCA1: ATP-binding cassette A1
20、; LXR =Liver X receptor CNT=Control Group; DM=DM with normolipidemia; DMHL=DM with untreated Hyperlipidemia; DMST=DM with hyperlipidemia treated with Simvastatin 5-10mg/day,相比没有他汀治疗的糖尿病高血脂患者,辛伐他汀可以显著提高这群患者的胆固醇逆向转运功能。,J Atheroscler Thromb 2008; 15: 000-000,CNT DM DMHL DMST,CNT DM DMHL DMST,CNT DM DMH
21、L DMST,ApoA-I/-actin,ABCA1/-actin,LXR/-actin,IVUS研究: 辛伐他汀减少动脉粥样硬化斑块体积,辛伐他汀40 mg 12 个月,基线,饮食 3 个月,50,40,30,冠脉斑块+中膜体积(mm3),斑块+中膜 体积缩小 6.3% P=0.002,Circulation, 2004 110: 265-270,开放, 非安慰剂控制的系列观察 40例男性患者, 有高脂血症, 缺血性心脏病, 以及没有冠状动脉再通史的非显著性冠状动脉损伤 用IVUS观察基线, 3个月低脂饮食后, 舒降之40mg进行再12个月治疗后,大剂量辛伐他汀的IMT消退研究,-0.053
22、 (P0.001),-0.081 (P0.001),-0.283 (P0.001),153例家族性高胆固醇血症的患者接受辛伐他汀80mg治疗2年 观察颈动脉与股动脉IMT的变化,IDEAL研究:卒中危险降低 高剂量阿托伐他汀与常规剂量辛伐他汀无差别,IDEAL研究:8888例冠心病患者,辛伐他汀20-40mg/天 vs 阿托伐他汀40-80mg,作者的解释:可能是由于辛伐他汀更好升高HDL的原因,ACCORD研究,ACCORD研究:在辛伐他汀的基础上联用非诺贝特,HDL-C显著上升, 但卒中的风险没有下降,ARBITER 2研究,Taylor AJ, et al. ARBITER 2: A d
23、ouble-blind, placebo-controlled study of extended-release niacin on atherosclerosis progression in secondary prevention patients treated with statins. Circulation. 2004; Epub ahead of print.,双盲,安慰剂对照研究 评估烟酸控释片对行他汀治疗的2级预防的患者动脉粥样硬化的进展的影响 联用烟酸后,HDL-C 上升 21% (P = 0.002),主要终点:12个月时CIMT,ARBITER 6- HALTS 研
24、究 (HDL And LDL Treatment Strategies),接受长期他汀治疗且LDL-C均100mg/dl的患者,随机接受依折麦布10mg/日或缓释烟酸2000mg/日,随访14个月。,Taylor AJ, et al.N Engl J Med 2009;361:2113-22.,HDL-C增高18.4%,烟酸组颈动脉内膜中层厚度逆转,烟酸组主要不良心血管事件发生率低,依折麦布:LDL-C降低19.2%降到66mg/dl,FATS与HATS研究:HPS2的研究依据 烟酸与他汀合用的治疗益处,4S=Scandinavian Simvastatin Survival Study; H
25、PS=Heart Protection Study; ASCOT=Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial (lipid-lowering arm); PPP=Pravastatin Pooling Projects (pooled data from WOSCOPS); CARDS=Collaborative Atorvastatin Diabetes Study; HATS=HDL Atherosclerosis Treatment Study; FATS=Familial Atherosclerosis Treatment Study; RRR=
26、relative risk reduction Adapted from Chapman J. Eur Heart J. 2005;7(suppl F):F56F62.,RRR (%) 心血管事件,90,80,50,40,20,10,0,30,60,70,4S,HPS,ASCOT,PPP,CARDS,单用他汀,100,HATS,FATS,FATS follow-up,联合治疗 (降低LDL-C与升高HDL-C),2040% risk reduction,6080% remaining risk,MK-0524A 2g (+ simvastatin 40 mg or ezetimibe/simv
27、astatin 10/40 mg),Placebo (+ simvastatin 40 mg or ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40 mg),-12 to-16 -8 -4,Back titration to MK-524A 1g: intolerance to 2g,Unblinded active run-in,MK-0524A,ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40 mg if non-HDL 2.5 mmol/L (97 mg/dL),1g,MK-0524A,2g,Blinded active treatment 1:1 ratio,s,4 YR
28、F/U+ 2300 MVE,W K,Randomization 3M F/U q6M F/U thereafter,*Patients enter study on background of simvastatin 40 mg or ezetimibe/simvastatin 10/40 mg,*,Data on file MSD,研究假说: MK0524A1-2g升高HDL-C达20,进一步减少HPS主要研究患者群主要血管事件20,HPS2-THRIVE:研究设计 Treating HDL To Reduce Vascular Events Study,总 结,卒中尤其是缺血性卒中往往是全
29、身动脉粥样硬化在脑血管发生发展的结果。脑卒中患者的的防治策略均首先应立足于全身动脉粥样硬化的预防和治疗。 HDL因其介导体内胆固醇逆向转运,对动脉粥样硬化斑块存在显著的稳定甚至逆转的作用。多项临床证据显示低HDL-C与高危患者的心脑血管事件显著相关。 HDL-C升高与对胆固醇逆向转运的调节可能是他汀类药物抗动脉粥样硬化作用的重要机制之一,不同他汀在对HDL-C调节上的作用存在一定的差异。临床证据显示辛伐他汀可以全面改善包括LDL-C和HDL-C在内的血脂指标。 HDL和卒中的探讨仍在继续,相信HPS2研究结果会带来更多的证据。,谢 谢!,Backup,HDL的抗动脉粥样硬化效应,Adapted
30、 from Fan J, Watanabe T. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2003;10:6371.,LDL, -VLDL, Lp(a),Monocyte,CD36 SR-A,Induction of adhesion molecules and chemotaxis,Adhesion VCAM-1 ICAM-1 P-selectin E-selectin,Migration MCP-1 CCR-2 oxLDL,oxidation,Differentiation (GM-CSF),Macrophage,Endothelial cells,Intima,Lumen,Inter
31、nal elastic lamina,Smooth muscle cells,CD40,IFN-gamma,Foam cell,Cytokines MMPs Endothelin-1,T lymphocyte,TNT研究:ApoB/ApoA与TC/HDL-C与 脑血管事件的相关性高于LDL-C,Eur J Clin Invest 2010,HDL与胆固醇逆向转运,FC=free cholesterol; CE=cholesterol ester; SR-B1=scavenger receptor class-B, type 1; Apo A-1=apolipoprotein A-1; TG=t
32、riglycerides; LCAT=lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase; ABCA1=adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette protein A1 Adapted from Duffy D, Rader DJ. Circulation. 2006;113:11401150; Rader DJ. Physiology and pathophysiology of HDL metabolism. Available at http:/www.lipidsonline.org/slides/slide01.cfm?tk=10. Accessed June 15, 2006.,CE TG,SR-B1,FC,巨噬细胞,FC,LCAT,ABCA1,FC,成熟的 HDL,Apo A-I,Apo A-I,新生的 HDL,肝脏,CE,