1、初中英语语法总结关于初中英语的语法大家了解过多少呢？可能很多人都不是很清楚，而小编在这里为大家分享下初中英语语法总结，大家都一起来看一下吧。初中英语语法总结 一般现在时的用法1） 经常性或习惯性的动作，常与表示频度的时间状语连用。时间状语： every, sometimes, at, on Sunday。例如：I leave home for school at 7 every morning. 每天早上我七点离开家。2） 客观真理，客观存在，科学事实。例如：The earth moves around the sun. 地球绕太阳转动。Shanghai lies in the east of
2、 China. 上海位于中国东部。3） 表示格言或警句。例如：Pride goes before a fall. 骄者必败。注意：此用法如果出现在宾语从句中，即使主句是过去时，从句谓语也要用一般现在时。例：Columbus proved that the earth is round. 哥伦布证实了地球是圆的。4） 现在时刻的状态、能力、性格、个性。例如：I dont want so much. 我不要那么多。Ann writes good English but does not speak well.安英语写得不错，讲的可不行。比较：Now I put the sugar in the c
3、up. 把糖放入杯子。I am doing my homework now. 我正在做功课。第一句用一般现在时，用于操作演示或指导说明的示范性动作，表示言行的瞬间动作。第二句中的 now 是进行时的标志，表示正在进行的动作的客观状况，所以后句用一般现在时。一般过去时的用法1）在确定的过去时间里所发生的动作或存在的状态。例如：时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982 等。例如：Where did you go just now? 刚才你上哪儿去了？2）表示在过去一段时间内，经常性或习惯性的动作。例如：When
4、I was a child, I often played football in the street.我是个孩子的时候，常在马路上踢足球。Whenever the Browns went during their visit, they were given awarm welcome.那时，布朗一家无论什么时候去，都受到热烈欢迎。3）句型：It is time for sb. to do sth “到时间了“ “该了“。例如：It istime for you to go to bed. 你该睡觉了。It is time that sb. did sth. “时间已迟了“ “早该了“ ，
5、例如 It is time youwent to bed. 你早该睡觉了。would rather sb. did sth. 表示宁愿某人做某事。例如：Id rather youcame tomorrow.还是明天来吧。4） wish, wonder, think, hope 等用过去时，作试探性的询问、请求、建议等，而一般过去时表示的动作或状态都已成为过去，现已不复存在。例如：I thought you might have some. 我以为你想要一些。比较：Christine was an invalid all her life.Christine has been an invali
6、d all her life.Mrs. Darby lived in Kentucky for seven years.Mrs. Darby has lived in Kentucky for seven years.注意： 用过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气。1）动词 want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等。例如：Did you want anything else? 您还要些什么吗？I wondered if you could help me. 能不能帮我一下。2）情态动词 could, would。例如：Could you lend me your bike
7、? 你的自行车，能借用一些吗？used to / be used toused to + do：“过去常常“表示过去习惯性的动作或状态，但如今已不存在。例如：Mother used not to be so forgetful. 老妈过去没那么健忘。Scarf used to take a walk. 斯卡夫过去常常散步。be used to + doing：对已感到习惯，或“习惯于“，to 是介词，后需加名词或动名词。例如：He is used to a vegetarian diet.Scarf is used to taking a walk. 斯卡夫现在已习惯于散步了。典型例题- Yo
8、ur phone number again? I _ quite catch it.- Its 69568442.A. didnt B. couldnt C. dont D. cant答案 A. 本句虽没有明确的时间状语，但从语意上看出，在听的时候没有听懂这个动作发生在过去，因此应用过去时。一般将来时1） shall 用于第一人称，常被 will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称，在征求意见时常用于第二人称。例如：Which paragraph shall I read first？ 我先读哪一段呢？Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今
9、晚七点回家好吗？2） be going to +不定式，表示将来。a. 主语的意图，即将做某事。例如：What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？b. 计划，安排要发生的事。例如：The play is going to be produced nextmonth。这出戏下月开播。c. 有迹象要发生的事。例如：Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be astorm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。3） be +不定式表将来，按计划或正式安排将发生的事。例如：We are to discuss the repo
10、rt next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。4） be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。例如：He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。注意：be about to do 不能与 tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。be going to / will 用于条件句时， be going to 表将来,will 表意愿。例如：If you are going to make a journey, youd better get ready for it as soon as possible
11、.Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.be to 和 be going tobe to 表示客观安排或受人指示而做某事，be going to 表示主观的打算或计划。例如：I am to play football tomorrow afternoon. 明天下午我去踢球。Im going to play football tomorrow afternoon.明天下午我想去踢球。一般现在时表将来1）下列动词 come, go, arri
12、ve, leave, start, begin, return 的一般现在时可以表示将来，主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。例如：The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。When does the bus star? It stars in ten minutes. 汽车什么时候开？十分钟后。2）以 here, there 等开始的倒装句，表示动作正在进行。例如：Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。There goes the bell. = The bell is r
13、inging. 铃响了。3）在时间或条件句中。例如：When Bill comes , ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后，让他等我。Ill write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里，就写信给你。4）在动词 hope, take care that, make sure that等的宾语从句中。例如：I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the r
14、oom. 离开房间前，务必把窗户关了。用现在进行时表示将来下列动词 come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return 等现在进行时可以表示将来。例如：Im leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗？现在完成时现在完成时用来表示之前已发生或完成的动作或状态，其结果的影响现在还存在；也可表示持续到现在的动作或状态。其构成：have +过去分词。比较一般过去时与现在完成时1）一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或单纯叙述过去的事情，强调动作；现在完成时为过去发
15、生的，强调过去的事情对现在的影响，强调的是影响。2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，ago, in1980, in October, justnow 等，皆为具体的时间状语。现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always 等，皆不确定的时间状语。共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April,
16、 now, already, recently, lately 等。3）现在完成时可表示持续到现在的动作或状态，动词一般是延续性的，如 live, teach, learn, work, study, know.。一般过去时常用的非持续性动词有 come, go, leave, start, die, finish, become, get married 等。例如：I saw this film yesterday.I have seen this film.Why did you get up so early?Who hasnt handed in his paper?He has be
17、en in the League for three years.He has been a League member for three years.句子中如有过去时的时间副词时，不能使用现在完成时，要用过去时。Tom has written a letter to his parents last night.Tom wrote a letter to his parents last night.用于现在完成时的句型1）It is the first / second time that结构中的从句部分，用现在完成时。例如：It is the first time that I hav
18、e visited the city. 这是我第一次访问这城市。This is the first time Ive heard him sing. 这是我第一次听他唱歌。注意：It was the third time that the boy had been late.2）This is +形容词最高级+that结构，that 从句要用现在完成时。例如：This is the best film that Ive seen. 这是我看过的最好的电影。典型例题-Do you know our town at all? -No, this is the first time I _ here
19、.A. was B. have been C. came D. am coming答案 B. This is the first time 后面所加从句应为现在完成时，故选 B。-Have you _ been to our town before? -No, its the first time I _ here.A. even, come B. even, have come C. ever, come D. ever, have come答案 D. ever 意为曾经或无论何时，反意词为 never，此两词常用于完成时。注意：非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发
20、生的状态是可以持续的。I have received his letter for a month.I havent received his letter for almost a month.比较 since 和 forSince 用来说明动作起始时间，for 用来说明动作延续时间长度。例如：I have lived here for more than twenty years.我住在这儿二十多年了。I have lived here since I was born. 我从出生起就住在这儿了。注意：并非有 for 作为时间状语的句子都用现在完成时。I worked here for m
21、ore than twenty years.I have worked here for many years.注意：用句型转换的方法，很容易排除非延续动词在有 for/since 结构的完成时中的误用。1） Tom has studied Russian for three years. = Tom began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.2） Harry has got married for six years. = Harry began to get married six years
22、ago, and is still getting married now.显然，第二句不对，它应改为 Harry got married six years ago. 或 Harry has been married for six years.since 的四种用法1） since +过去一个时间点。例如：I have been here since 1989. 1989 起，我一直在这儿。2） since +一段时间+ ago。例如：I have been here since five months ago. 我在这儿，已经有五个月了。3） since +从句。例如：Great cha
23、nges have taken place since you left. 你走后，变化可大了。Great changes have taken place since we were here. 我们走后，变化可大了。4） It is +一段时间+ since 从句。例如：It is two years since I became a postgraduate student. 我考上研究生有两年了。延续动词与瞬间动词1） 用于完成时的区别延续动词表示经验、经历； 瞬间动词表示行为的结果，不能与表示段的时间状语连用。例如：He has completed the work. 他已完成了那项
24、工作。Ive known him since then. 我从那时起就认识他了。2） 用于 till / until 从句的差异延续动词用于肯定句，表示“做直到“ 瞬间动词用于否定句，表示“到，才“。例如：He didnt come back until ten oclock. 他到 10 点才回来。He slept until ten oclock. 他一直睡到 10 点。典型例题1. You dont need to describe her. I _ her several times.A. had met B. have met C. met D. meet答案 B. 首先本题后句强调
25、对现在的影响，我知道她的模样，你不用描述。再次，severaltimes 告知为反复发生的动作，因此用现在完成时。2. -Im sorry to keep you waiting.-Oh, not at all. I _here only a few minutes.A. have been B. had been C. was D. will be答案 A. 等待的动作由过去开始，持续到现在，应用现在完成时。过去完成时1） 概念：表示过去的过去-|-|-|- 其构成是 had +过去分词构成。 那时以前 那时 现在2） 用法a. 在 told, said, knew, heard, thou
26、ght 等动词后的宾语从句。例如：She said she had never been to Paris. 她告诉我她曾去过巴黎。b. 状语从句在过去不同时间发生的两个动作中，发生在先，用过去完成时；发生在后，用一般过去时。例如：When the police arrived, the thieves had run away. 警察到达时，小偷们早就跑了。c. 表示意向的动词，如 hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose 等，用过去完成时表示“原本，未能“。例如：We had hoped that you would come, bu
27、t you didnt. 那时我们希望你能来，但是你没有来。3） 过去完成时的时间状语 before, by, until , when, after, once, as soonas。例如：He said that he had learned some English before. 他说过他以前学过一些英语。By the time he was twelve, Edison had began to make a living by himself. 到了十二岁那年，爱迪生开始自己谋生。Tom was disappointed that most of the guests had le
28、ft when he arrived at the party.汤姆失望了，因为他到达晚会时，大部分客人已经走了。典型例题The students _ busily when Miss Brown went to get a book she _ in the office.A. had written, left B，were writing, has left C. had written, had left D. were writing, had left答案 D.“把书忘在办公室“发生在“去取书“这一过去的动作之前，因此“忘了书“这一动作发生在过去的过去，用过去完成时。句中 when
29、 表示的是时间的一点，表示在“同学们正忙于“这一背景下，when 所引导的动作发生。因此前一句应用过去进行时。注意： had hardly when 还没等 就。例如：I had hardly opened the door when I he hit me. 我刚打开门，他就打了我。had no soonerthan 刚 就。例如：He had no sooner bought the car than he sold it. 他刚买了这辆车，转眼又卖了。用一般过去时代替过去完成时1） 两个动作如按顺序发生，又不强调先后，或用then，and， ，but 等连词时，多用一般过去时。例如：Wh
30、en she saw the mouse，she screamed. 她看到老鼠，就叫了起来。My aunt gave me a hat and I lost it. 姑妈给了我一顶帽子，我把它丢了。2 ） 两个动作相继发生，可用一般过去时；如第一个动作需要若干时间完成，用过去完成时。例如：When I heard the news, I was very excited.3） 叙述历史事实，可不用过去完成时，而只用一般过去时。例如：Our teacher told us that Columbus discovered America in 1492.将来完成时1） 构成 will have
31、 done2） 概念a. 状态完成：表示某事继续到将来某一时为止一直有的状态。例如：They will have been married for 20 years by then. 到那时他们结婚将有二十年了。b. 动作完成：表示将来某一时或另一个将来的动作之前，已经完成的动作或获得的经验。例如：You will have reached Shanghai by this time tomorrow. 明天此时，你已经到达上海了。现在进行时现在进行时的基本用法：a. 表示现在正在发生的事情。例如： We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。b. 习惯进行：表示长期的或重复
32、性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。例如：Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。c. 表示渐变，这样的动词有： get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin 等。例如：The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。Its getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。d. 与 always, constantly, forever 等词连用，表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态，往往带有说话人的主观色彩。例如：You are always changing your m
33、ind. 你老是改变主意。典型例题My dictionary _, I have looked for it everywhere but still_ it.A. has lost, dont find B. is missing, dont find C. has lost, havent found D. is missing, havent found.答案 D. 前句是一个仍在持续的状态，应用进行时，由于没有找到，学英语的好网站，其影响仍然存在，应用完成时，瞬间动词用于否定式时可用于完成时。不用进行时的动词1）表示事实状态的动词，如 have, belong, possess, co
34、st, owe, exist, include,contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue 等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。2）表示心理状态的动词，如 know, realize, think see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate 等。例如：I ne
35、ed your help. 我需要你的帮助。He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。3）瞬间动词，如 accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse 等。例如：I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。4）系动词，如 seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, get, become, turn 等。例如：You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。过去进行时1）概念：表示过去某时正在进行的状态或动作。
36、2）过去进行时的主要用法是描述一件事发生的背景；一个长动作延续的时候，另一个短动作发生。3） 常用的时间状语有 this morning, the whole morning, all day yesterday, from nine to ten last evening, when, while 等。例如：My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle and hurt himself. 我兄弟骑车时摔了下来，受了伤。It was raining when they left the station. 他们离开车站时，正下着雨。When I
37、got to the top of the mountain, the sun was shining. 我到达山顶时，阳光灿烂。典型例题1） Mary _ a dress when she cut her finger.A. made B. is making C. was making D. makes答案 C.割伤手指是已发生的事情，学英语的好网站，应用过去时。同时，when 表时间的同时性，“玛丽在做衣服时“提供事情发生的背景，因此用过去进行时。2） As she _ the newspaper, Granny _ asleep.A. read；was falling B. was r
38、eading； fell C. was reading； was falling D. read；fell答案 B.句中的 as = when, while，意为“当之时“。描述一件事发生的背景时，用过去进行；一个长动作发生的时候，另一个短动作发生。句意为 “在她看报纸时，奶奶睡着了。“句中的 fell，是系动词，后跟形容词，如：fall sick。英语语法经典例题 800 例：非谓语动词1. She was so angry and spoke so fast that none of us understood _ he said meant.A. that B. whatC. that
39、that D. what what【陷阱】可能误选 B。许多同学一看选项首先就排除了C 和 D，认为这样两个“引导词”叠用的情况不太可能。在A 和 B 两个选项中，选项 A 肯定不行，因为它引导宾语从句时不能充当句子成分，所以便选择了 B。【分析】正确答案选 D。第一个 what 用作动词 meant 的宾语，第二个 what 用作动词 said 的宾语，即在 none of us understood what what he said meant 中，none of us understood 为主句，what what he said meant 为宾语从句，而在此宾语从句中又包括有 w
40、hat he said 这样一个主语从句。2. After _ had happened he could not continue to work there.A. which B. howC. what D. having【陷阱】可能误选 A。【分析】最佳答案选 C。有的同学误选 A，是因为认为介词后应接关系代词 which，但实际上，若填关系代词，其前没有先行词，这根据不是一个定语从句。另外，由于 had happened 缺主语，所以 B 和 D 也不能选。请再做下面一题(答案选 B)：He pointed to _ looked like a tomb and said, “Ghos
41、t.”A. that B. whatC. which D. as3.“Is _ you want to say?” asked the teacher.A. this B. thatC. all that D. that all【陷阱】根据中文字面意思误选 A 或 B。【分析】最佳答案选 D。假若选 A 或 B，那么转换成陈述句即为：This is you want to say. / That is you want to say. 显然句中的两个谓语动词 is 与 want 相冲突。选 D 组成的句子是 Is that all you want to say? 其中的 that 为句子主语
42、，all 为表语，you want to say 为定语从句，用以修饰 all。4. “When _ leave for Japan?” “When _ leave for Japan is kept secret.”A. they will, will they B. will they, they willC. they will, they will D. will they, will they【陷阱】可能误选 D，认为 when 后应用疑问句词序。【分析】最佳答案选 B。第一个 when 引出的是一个特殊疑问句，故用疑问词序;第二个 when 引出的是主语从句，故其后用陈述句词序。请
43、做以下试题(答案选 C)：(1) None knows if _ that boy, but if _ him, her parents will be disappointed.A. she will marry, she will marry B. she marries, she marriesC. she will marry, she marries D. she marries, she will marry(2) “Where _ go to work?” “Where _ go to work is not known.”A. we shall, we shall B. sha
44、ll we, shall weC. shall we, we shall D. we shall, shall we5. Someone is ringing the doorbell. Go and see _.A. who is he B. who he isC. who is it D. who it is【陷阱】几个干扰项均有可能误选。【分析】此题最佳答案为 D。首先可以排除 A 和 C，因为空格处实为一个宾语从句，所以不能用疑问句词序。另一方面，但按英语习惯，当用于指代身份不明的人时，要用代词 it，而不用 he 或 she 等。比较以下两句：Mr Smith is at the d
45、oor. He wants to see you. 史密斯先生在门口，他想见你。Someone is at the door. It may be the postman. 有个人在门口，可能是邮递员。第一句因前面指明了是 Mr Smith，所以后面用代词 he;而第二句因前面用的是不定代词 someone，说明此人身份尚不明确，故其后用了代词 it 来指代。6. Dont you know, my dear friend, _ it is your money not you that she loves?A. who B. whichC. that D. what【陷阱】此题容易误选 A
46、或 B：选 A 的同学认为这是指人的，故用 who;选 B 的同学认为这是非限制性定语从句，两者都是误认为这是定语从句(注意没有先行词)。【分析】其实答案应选 C。that 引导的是一个宾语从句，用作动词 know 的宾语，它只是被句中的插入语 my dear friend 隔开罢了。请做以下试题(答案均为 C)：(1) Everyone knows, perhaps except you, _ your girl-friend is a cheat.A. who B. whichC. that D. what(2) I think, though I could be mistaken, _
47、 she liked me.A. who B. whichC. that D. what(3) He told me the news, believe it or not, _ he had earned $1 000 in a single day.A. that B. whichC. as D. because前面两题 that 引导宾语从句，后面一题 that 同位语从句(修饰 the news)。英语语法大全：特殊同位语归纳英语语法让很多学生都头疼，因为复杂难懂的句式和词组有时难以记忆。为大家整理了英语语法大全，本章主要介绍英语语法中的句子成分，希望对同学们的英语语法学习有所帮助。更
48、多内容尽在。特殊同位语归纳当两个词或词组在一个句子中具有相同的语法地位而且描述相同的人或事物时，我们称它们为同位语。基本形式的同位语大家一般不会出错，但有几种同位语，或由于本身结构特殊，或由于它修饰的成分结构比较特殊，往往会引起误解。现小结并举例说明如下，希望引起同学们的注意。1. 代词 we, us, you 等后接同位语Are you two reading? 你们二人在看书吗?They three joined the school team. 他们 3 人参加了校队。She has great concern for us students. 她对我们学生很关心。He asked yo
49、u boys to be quiet. 他要你们男孩子安静些。We girls often go to the movies together. 我们女孩子经常一起去看电影。2. 不定式用作同位语Soon came the order to start the general attack. 很快下达了发起总攻的命令。(to start the general attack 与 the order 同位)He followed the instruction to walk along a certain street where I picked him up. 他照吩咐沿某一条街走，我在那里接他上了车。(to walk along与 the instruction 同位)3. -ing 分词用作同位语Hes getting a job tonight driving a truck. 他今晚得到一个开卡车的差事
