1、启用前绝密2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题英语（A2卷） 考生注意事项1. 考生必须严格遵守各项考场规则。2. 答题前，考生应将答题卡上的“考生姓名”、“报考单位”、“考生编号”等信息填写清楚，并与准考证上的一致。3. 答案必须按要求填涂或写在指定的答题卡上。（1） 词汇知识、综合填空、阅读理解的答案填涂在答题卡（一）上，英译汉的答案和作文的写在答题卡（二）上。（2） 填涂部分应该按照答题卡上的要求用2B铅笔完成。如要改动，必须用橡皮擦干净。书写部分（英译汉的答案和作文）必须用蓝（黑）色字迹钢笔、圆珠笔或签字笔在答题卡上作答。4. 答题卡严禁折叠。考试结束后，将答题卡（一）和
2、答题卡（二）一起放入原试卷袋中，试卷交给监考人员。 2011年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题Section IUse of English Directions:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on Answer Sheet 1(10 points)Individuals and businesses have legal protection for intellectual property they create and
3、own. Intellectual property _1_from creative thinking and may include products, _2_, processes, and ideas. Intellectual property is protected _3_ misappropriation (盗用) Misappropriation is taking the intellectual property of others without _4_ compensation and using it for monetary gain.Legal protecti
4、on is provided for the _5_ of intellectual property. The three common types of legal protection are patents, copyrights, and trademarks.Patents provide exclusive use of inventions. If the U.S. Patent Office _6_ a patent, it is confirming that the intellectual property is _7_. The patent prevents oth
5、ers from making, using, or selling the invention without the owners _8_ for a period of 20 years.Copyright are similar to patents _9_ that they are applied to artistic works. A copyright protects the creator of an _10_ artistic or intellectual work, such as a song or a novel. A copyright gives the o
6、wner exclusive rights to copy, _11_, display, or perform the work. The copyright prevents others from using and selling the work. The _12_ of a copyright is typically the lifetime of the author _13_ an additional 70 years.Trademarks are words, names, or symbols that identify the manufacturer of a pr
7、oduct and _14_ it from similar goods of others. A servicemark is similar to a trademark _15_ is used to identify service. A trademark prevents others from using the _16_ or a similar word, name, or symbol to take advantage of the recognition and _17_ of the brand or to create confusion in the market
8、place. _18_ registration, a trademark is usually granted for a period of ten years. It can be _19_ for additional ten-year periods indefinitely as _20_ as the marks use continues. 1.A.retrievesB.deviatesC.resultsD.departs2.A.servicesB.reservesC.assumptionsD.motions3.A.forB.withC.byD.from4.A.soundB.p
9、artialC.dueD.random5.A.usersB.ownersC.mastersD.executives6.A.affordsB.affiliatesC.fundsD.grants7.A.solemnB.soberC.uniqueD.universal8.A.perspectiveB.permissionC.conformityD.consensus9.A.exceptB.besidesC.beyondD.despite10.A.absoluteB.alternativeC.originalD.orthodox11.A.presumeB.stimulateC.nominateD.di
10、stribute12.A.rangeB.lengthC.scaleD.extent13.A.plus B.versusC.viaD.until14.A.distract B.differC.distinguishD.disconnect15.A.or B.butC.soD.whereas16.A.identical B.analogicalC.literalD.parallel17.A.ambiguity B.utilityC.popularityD.proximity18.A.From B.OverC.BeforeD.Upon19.A.recurred B.renewedC.recalled
11、D.recovered20.A.long B.soonC.farD.wellSection IIReading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on Answer Sheet 1 (40 points)Text 1Within a large concrete room, cut out of a mountain on a free
12、zing-told island just 1,000 kilometers from the North Pole, could lie the future of humanity.The room is a vault (地下库) designed to hold around 2 million seeds, representing all known varieties of the worlds crops. It is being built to safeguard the worlds food supply against nuclear war, climate cha
13、nge, terrorism, rising sea levels, earthquakes and the collapse of electricity supplies. “If the worst came to the worst, this would allow the world to reconstruct agriculture on this planet.” says Cary Fowler, director of the Global Crop Diversity Trust, an independent international organization pr
14、omoting the project.The Norwegian (挪威的) government is planning to create the seed bank next year at the request of crop scientists. The 3 million vault will be built deep inside a sandstone mountain on the Norwegian Arctic island of Spitsbergen. The vault will have metre-thick walls of reinforced co
15、ncrete and will be protected behind two airlocks and high-security doors.The vaults seed collection will represent the products of some 10,000 years of plant breeding by the worlds famers. Though most are no longer widely planted, the varieties contain vital genetic properties still regularly used i
16、n plant breeding.To survive, the seeds need freezing temperatures. Operators plan to replace the air inside thevault each winter, when temperatures in Spitsbergen are around -18. But even if some disaster meant that the vault was abandoned, the permanently frozen soil would keep the seeds alive. And
17、 even accelerated global warming would take many decades to penetrate the mountain vault.“This will be the worlds most secure gene bank,” says Fowler. “But its seeds will only be used when all other samples have gone for some reason.”The project comes at a time when there is growing concern about th
18、e safety of existing seed banks around the world. Many have been criticized for poor security, ageing refrigeration (冷藏) systems and vulnerable electricity supplies.The scheme won UN approval at a meeting of the Food and Agriculture Organization in Rome in October 2005. A feasibility study said the
19、facility “would essentially be built to last forever”.21.The Norwegian vault is important in that _.A. the seeds in it represent the rarest varieties of worlds crops.B. the seeds in it could revive agriculture if the worst thing should happenC. it is built deep in a mountain on a freezing-cold Arcti
20、c islandD. it is strong enough against all disasters caused by man and nature22. The seed bank project was proposed by _.A. the Norwegian government B. Norwegian farmersC. Spitsbergen residents D. agricultural scientists23. The seeds in the vault will be stored _.A. as samples of world crop varietie
21、sB. as products of world plant breedingC. for their valuable genetic propertiesD. for their resistance to plant diseases24. For the seed bank project to be successful, the most important factor is probably_.A. constructing tight airlocksB. maintaining high securityC. keeping freezing temperaturesD.
22、storing large quantities of seeds25.Which of the following statements is true?A.The Norwegian vault models after existing seed banksB.The Spitsbergen seed bank is expected to last 10,000 yearsC.The existing seed banks have potential problemsD.The UN financed the Spitsbergen seed bankText 2Both the n
23、umber and the percentage of people in the United States involved in nonagricultural pursuits expanded rapidly during the half century following the Civil War, with some of the most dramatic increases occurring in the domains of transportation, manufacturing, and trade and distribution. The developme
24、nt of the railroad and telegraph systems during the middle third of the nineteenth century led to significant improvements in the speed, volume, and regularity of shipments and communications, making possible a fundamental transformation in the production and distribution of goods.In agriculture, th
25、e transformation was marked by the emergence of the grain elevators, the cotton presses, the warehouses, and the commodity exchanges that seemed to so many of the nations farmers the visible sign of a vast conspiracy against them. In manufacturing, the transformation was marked by the emergence of a
26、 “new factory system” in which plants became larger, more complex, and more systematically organized and managed. And in distribution, the transformation was marked by the emergence of the jobber, the wholesaler, and the mass retailer. These changes radically altered the nature of work during the ha
27、lf century between 1870 and 1920.To be sure, there were still small workshops, where skilled craftspeople manufactured products ranging from newspapers to cabinets to plumbing fixtures. There were the sweatshops in city tenements, where groups of men and women in household settings manufactured clot
28、hing or cigars on a piecework basis. And there were factories in occupations such as metalwork where individual contractors presided over what were essentially handicraft proprietorships that coexisted within a single building. But as the number of wage earners in manufacturing rose from 2.7 million
29、 in 1880 to 4.5 million in 1900 to 8.4 million in 1920, the number of huge plants like the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia burgeoned, as did the size of the average plant. (The Baldwin Works had 600 employees in 1855, 3,000 in 1875, and 8,000 in 1900.) By 1920, at least in the northeastern
30、United States where most of the nations manufacturing wage earners were concentrated, three-quarters of those worked in factories with more than 100 employees and 30 percent worked in factories with more than 1,000 employees.26.What can be inferred from the passage about the agricultural sector of t
31、he economy after the Civil War?A.New technological developments had little effect on farmers.B.The percentage of the total population working in agriculture declined.C.Many farms destroyed in the war were rebuilt after the war.D.Farmers achieved new prosperity because of better rural transportation.
32、27.Which of the following was NOT mentioned as part of the “new factory system?”A.A change in the organization of factories.B.A growth in the complexity of factories.C.An increase in the size of factories.D.An increase in the cost of manufacturing industrial products.28.Which of the following statem
33、ents about manufacturing before 1870 can be inferred from the passage?A.Most manufacturing activity was highly organized.B.Most manufacturing occurred in relatively small plants.C.The most commonly manufactured goods were cotton presses.D.Manufacturing and agriculture each made up about half of the
34、nations economy.29.The author mentions the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Paragraph 3 because it wasA.a well-known metal-worksB.the first plant of its kind in PhiladelphiaC.typical of the large factories that were becoming more commonD.typical of factories that consisted of a single building30.The word
35、 “presided over” in Paragraph 3 are closest in meaning to A.managed B.led toC.worked inD.producedText 3In 1985 when a Japan Air Lines (JAL) jet crashed, its president, Yasumoto Takagi, called each victims family to apologize, and then promptly resigned. And in 1987, when a subsidiary of Toshiba sold
36、 sensitive military technology to the former Soviet Union, the chairman of Toshiba gave up his post. These executive actions, which Toshiba calls “the highest form of apology,” may seem bizarre to US managers. No one at Boeing resigned after the JAL crash, which may have been caused by a faulty Boei
37、ng repair. The difference between the two business cultures centers around different definitions of delegation. While US executives give both responsibility and authority to their employees, Japanese executives delegate only authoritythe responsibility is still theirs. Although the subsidiary that s
38、old the sensitive technology to the Soviets had its own management, the Toshiba top executives said they “must take personal responsibility for not creating an atmosphere throughout the Toshiba group that would make such activity unthinkable, even in an independently run subsidiary.” Such acceptance
39、 of community responsibility is not unique to businesses in Japan. School principals in Japan have resigned when their students committed major crimes after school hours. Even if they do not quit, Japanese executives will often accept primary responsibility in other ways, such as taking the first pa
40、y cut when a company gets into financial trouble. Such personal sacrifices, even if they are largely symbolic, help to create the sense of community and employee loyalty that is crucial to the Japanese way of doing business. Harvard Business School professor George Lodge calls the ritual acceptance
41、of blame “almost a feudal (封建的) way of purging (清除) the community of dishonor,” and to some in the United States, such resignations look cowardly. However, in an era in which both business and governmental leaders seem particularly good at evading responsibility, many US managers would probably welc
42、ome an infusion (灌输) of the Japanese sense of responsibility, If, for instance, US automobile company executives offered to reduce their own salaries before they asked their workers to take pay cuts, negotiations would probably take on a very different character. 31. Why did the chairman of Toshiba
43、resign his position in 1987? A.In Japan, the leakage of a state secret to Russians is a grave crime. B.He had been under attack for shifting responsibility to his subordinates. C.In Japan, the chief executive of a corporation is held responsible for the mistake made by its subsidiaries. D.He had bee
44、n accused of being cowardly towards crises that were taking place in his corporation. 32. According to the passage if you want to be a good manager in Japan, you have to _. A. apologize promptly for your subordinates mistakes B. be skillful in accepting blames from customers C. make symbolic sacrifi
45、ces whenever necessary D. create a strong sense of company loyalty 33.Whats Professor George Lodges attitude towards the resignations of Japanese corporate leaders? A.sympatheticB.biased C.critical D.approving. 34.Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Boeing had nothing to do with the JAL ai
46、r crash in 1985. B. American executives consider authority and responsibility inseparable. C. School principals bear legal responsibility for students crimes. D. Persuading employees to take pay cuts doesnt help solve corporate crises. 35.The passage is mainly about _. A.resignation as an effective
47、way of dealing with business crises B.the importance of delegating responsibility to employees C.ways of evading responsibility in times of crises D.the difference between two business cultures Text 4The end of the nineteenth century and the early years of the twentieth century were marked by the development of an intern
