1、the party. Focus on honesty and self-discipline standards of “four clean“ “four consciousness“, hold the work principle and various violations of party discipline punishment . 2. series spoke. To XI on ruling acting political XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) XI Gen
2、eral Secretary important speech articles selected (leaders reading) and out poverty for basic textbook, in-depth learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech spirit and on Fujian work of series important indicates spirit, understand on reform development stable, and Interior dipl
3、omatic defense, and rule party ruling army of important discusses, understand throughout which of Marx doctrine position views method, Grasp the true faith through the pursuit of, historical sense, sincere feelings for the people, pragmatic style of thought. Should pay attention to the overall grasp
4、 and master relationship and prevent fragmentation. Address learning series, attention should be paid based on persisting and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics to the theme, focuses on understanding comrade XI Jinping as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee on governance of
5、 the new concept of new ideas and new strategies. (1) the deep understanding we are carrying out the great struggle of history with many new features that Chinas development is an important period of strategic opportunities and the same connotation. (2) to grasp a firm system of socialism with Chine
6、se characteristics theory of confidence, confidence, confidence, winning complete the building of a well-off society and realize “two 100 year“ goal dreams, China and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. (3) understand the domestic and international situations, coordination of “five in one“
7、 overall layout and four “comprehensive“ strategy. (4) a deep understanding of innovation, coordination, development of green, open, shared ideas, adapt to new normal, grasp, leading economic development, greater emphasis on advancing the supply side structural reform, to lead the development of new
8、 development practices. Vigorous implementation of innovation-driven development strategy, strive to enhance the overall coordination of development to promote harmonious coexistence between man and nature, form the opening to the new system, focus on the practice of people-centred development. (5)
9、in-depth understand full deepening reform, advance national governance system and governance capacity modern; makes market in resources configuration in the up decisive role and better play Government role; without shake insisted China basic economic system, promoted various ownership economic healt
10、h development; advance “area way“ construction, and Beijing Jin JI collaborative development, and Yangtze River economic with development; full law ruling, construction China features Socialist rule of law system; development Socialist democracy, insisted China features socialist political developme
11、nt road; Fostering and practicing the Socialist core values, enhance cultural values of confidence, self-confidence, building Socialist culture in China set up the overall national security concept, respect the sovereignty of networks, build global Internet governance system adhere to the correct vi
12、ew, building human fates. (6) to grasp the full strictness requirement, and strict adherence to the partys political discipline and rules, loyal, clean, play, strengthen the wind against corruption, adhere to the “Tigers“ and “fly“. (7) thegrasp scientific methods of thinking and working, and view t
13、rends, patterns and events to strengthen strategic thinking and dialectical thinking, systems thinking, creative thinking, the bottom line thinking set up problem-oriented, focus on risk, fill the short Board; empty talks jeopardize national interests in mind, hard work and prosperous, a deployment,
14、 a nine-point implementation . The content, comprehensively strengthen the ideological and political construction of the leading group, work style, and capacity-building. 3. the key to solve the problem. Seriously implement XI General Secretary on training created has iron general belief, and iron g
15、eneral faith, and iron general discipline, and iron General play of cadres team requirements, control acquisition General Secretary on “seven a has of“ “five a must“, important discusses, enhanced political consciousness, and overall consciousness, and core consciousness, and par consciousness, in t
16、hought political Shang action Shang with to XI comrade for General Secretary of Central keep height consistent, seriously practice line “three strict three real“ requirements and good cadres standard, do heart has party, and heart has people, and heart has accountability, and Heart ring model. (1) t
17、he lead firm ideals and beliefs. For in “lift what flag, and go what road“ Shang of fuzzy awareness, for belief lack, and faith missing, and spirit deficiency “calcium“, problem, root, and guben culture Yuan, to upgrade Marx doctrine theory literacy, upgrade using party of theory innovation results
18、observation and analysis problem of capacity, keep on Marx doctrine and Communist of firm belief, and on China features Socialist of firm faith, strengthened purposes consciousness, and practice line mass line, put ideal faith reflected to slim sets, and for political with right, and officer venture
19、 of aspects, Lofty ideals and the common ideal of exemplary practitioner. Clearly oppose and reject Western constitutional democracies, “universal values“, neo-liberalism, the historical nihilism and questioned reform and opening up and building socialism with Chinese characteristics, such as errone
20、ous. (2) lead to strict political discipline and rules. For political Shang of liberalism, not seriously implement implementation central decision deployment, not seriously actual implement implementation party of route approach policy, major problem important matters not asked not report, for dangm
21、ianyitao set, and Dang “on both sides people“, for wind disciplinary make “four wind“, for clique, and make mission groups guy, problem, seriously draw Zhou Yongkang, and Bo, and Xu caihou, and Guo boxiong, and makes plans and I province Su, and Xu gang, disciplinary illegal case of deep lessons, kn
22、ow fear, and Ming bottom line, and keep rules, Keep the political character of absolute loyalty to the party, political wise men, determined to uphold the authority of the Party Central Committee, maintaining the solidarity and unity of the party. (3) lead to set up the new development philosophy. F
23、or those not adapted, and not for even against new development concept of awareness, and behavior, and practices, for those blindly spell resources spell input, and first pollution Hou governance, and heavy city light rural, and heavy efficiency light fair, one-sided development, and deformity devel
24、opment of problem, insisted liberation thought, and times, set on new development concept of consciously confidence, do advocate innovation, and focused on coordination, and advocate green, and thick plant open, and advance shared. On关于我国社会保障水平现状及成因分析【论文关键词】社会保障水平 适度 农民工【论文摘要】作为社会稳定器和安全网的社会保障，是现代国家最
25、重要的社会经济制度之一。文章通过特定的测定模型，计算出我国近几年的社会保障水平与社保水平下限值，认为我国社保支出占 GDP 的比重偏低，并对其产生的原因及相应的解决对策提出了自己的看法。 一、引言 社会保障是社会稳定的重要防线。建立适度的社会保障体系，是社会稳定和国家长治久安的重要保证，是社会主义初级阶段收入分配制度的重要组成部分，是建立社会主义市场经济体制的重要内容，关系到维护人民群众的切身利益，关系到改革发展稳定的大局。 我国政府从国情出发，坚持以人为本，高度重视并积极致力于社会保障体系的建立和完善。随着改革开放的不断深化，我国社保覆盖范围不断扩大，基金支撑能力也逐步增强。近几年全国社会保
26、险覆盖人数每年递增 6左右。 但另一方面，作为最大的发展中国家，我国人口众多，经济发展起点低，区域间的发展差距不断扩大，完善社会保障体系也就成为一项十分艰巨和繁重的任务。社会保障体系的建立健全包括多方面的内容，其中制订合理的社会保障水平是关键因素之一。因此，科学测定适度的社会保障水平和我国现阶段的社保水平，并做出科学合理地比较和分析，对于我国社会保障制度的建立健全具有重要意义。 二、我国的社会保障水平 从最微观的角度出发，社会成员享受社会保障经济待遇的高低程度被称作社会保障水平，其主要衡量指标是社会保障支出占国内生产总值的比重。社会保障水平客观上存在一个“适度”区域，过高或过低的社会保障水平都
27、会对社会保障制度自身运行机制和社会经济发展产生不良影响。1、我国社会保障水平的下限 国内曾有学者提出适度社会保障水平的测定模型： S=Sa/W W/G=QH=0.75（Oa+Z+J+M ） 其中 S 代表社会保障水平，Sa 代表社会保障支出总额，G 代表国内生产总值，W 代表工资收入总额，Q 代表社会保障支出总额占工资收入总额的比重系数，又称社会保障负担系数，H 代表工资收入总额占国内生产总值的比重，又称劳动生产要素投入分配系数（依据柯布道格拉斯生产函数，H 选定为 0.75） ，Oa 为老年人口比重，Z 为失业保障支出占工资收入总额的比重，J 为工伤、生育保障支出占工资收入总额的比重，M 为
28、社会福利优抚支出占工资收入总额的比重。 “根据国际经验和中国已采取的保障政策，失业保险支出比重系数 Z 一般在 1%-1.5%左右，下限选 1%为宜；工伤、生育保险支出比重系数 J 一般在 0.016%-1.5%左右，下限选0.016%为宜；社会福利、社会优抚支出比重系数 M 一般在 1%-1.5%左右，下限选 1%为宜。” 参数 Z、J、M 都采用的最小值，因此计算得出的数据为社会保障水平的下限值即社会保障水平的最低值，适度的社保水平应稍高于社保下限值。 the party. Focus on honesty and self-discipline standards of “four cl
29、ean“ “four consciousness“, hold the work principle and various violations of party discipline punishment . 2. series spoke. To XI on ruling acting political XI General Secretary series important speech reading (2016 version) XI General Secretary important speech articles selected (leaders reading) a
30、nd out poverty for basic textbook, in-depth learning understand XI General Secretary series important speech spirit and on Fujian work of series important indicates spirit, understand on reform development stable, and Interior diplomatic defense, and rule party ruling army of important discusses, un
31、derstand throughout which of Marx doctrine position views method, Grasp the true faith through the pursuit of, historical sense, sincere feelings for the people, pragmatic style of thought. Should pay attention to the overall grasp and master relationship and prevent fragmentation. Address learning
32、series, attention should be paid based on persisting and developing socialism with Chinese characteristics to the theme, focuses on understanding comrade XI Jinping as General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee on governance of the new concept of new ideas and new strategies. (1) the deep unders
33、tanding we are carrying out the great struggle of history with many new features that Chinas development is an important period of strategic opportunities and the same connotation. (2) to grasp a firm system of socialism with Chinese characteristics theory of confidence, confidence, confidence, winn
34、ing complete the building of a well-off society and realize “two 100 year“ goal dreams, China and the great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation. (3) understand the domestic and international situations, coordination of “five in one“ overall layout and four “comprehensive“ strategy. (4) a deep underst
35、anding of innovation, coordination, development of green, open, shared ideas, adapt to new normal, grasp, leading economic development, greater emphasis on advancing the supply side structural reform, to lead the development of new development practices. Vigorous implementation of innovation-driven
36、development strategy, strive to enhance the overall coordination of development to promote harmonious coexistence between man and nature, form the opening to the new system, focus on the practice of people-centred development. (5) in-depth understand full deepening reform, advance national governanc
37、e system and governance capacity modern; makes market in resources configuration in the up decisive role and better play Government role; without shake insisted China basic economic system, promoted various ownership economic health development; advance “area way“ construction, and Beijing Jin JI co
38、llaborative development, and Yangtze River economic with development; full law ruling, construction China features Socialist rule of law system; development Socialist democracy, insisted China features socialist political development road; Fostering and practicing the Socialist core values, enhance
39、cultural values of confidence, self-confidence, building Socialist culture in China set up the overall national security concept, respect the sovereignty of networks, build global Internet governance system adhere to the correct view, building human fates. (6) to grasp the full strictness requiremen
40、t, and strict adherence to the partys political discipline and rules, loyal, clean, play, strengthen the wind against corruption, adhere to the “Tigers“ and “fly“. (7) thegrasp scientific methods of thinking and working, and view trends, patterns and events to strengthen strategic thinking and diale
41、ctical thinking, systems thinking, creative thinking, the bottom line thinking set up problem-oriented, focus on risk, fill the short Board; empty talks jeopardize national interests in mind, hard work and prosperous, a deployment, a nine-point implementation . The content, comprehensively strengthe
42、n the ideological and political construction of the leading group, work style, and capacity-building. 3. the key to solve the problem. Seriously implement XI General Secretary on training created has iron general belief, and iron general faith, and iron general discipline, and iron General play of c
43、adres team requirements, control acquisition General Secretary on “seven a has of“ “five a must“, important discusses, enhanced political consciousness, and overall consciousness, and core consciousness, and par consciousness, in thought political Shang action Shang with to XI comrade for General Se
44、cretary of Central keep height consistent, seriously practice line “three strict three real“ requirements and good cadres standard, do heart has party, and heart has people, and heart has accountability, and Heart ring model. (1) the lead firm ideals and beliefs. For in “lift what flag, and go what
45、road“ Shang of fuzzy awareness, for belief lack, and faith missing, and spirit deficiency “calcium“, problem, root, and guben culture Yuan, to upgrade Marx doctrine theory literacy, upgrade using party of theory innovation results observation and analysis problem of capacity, keep on Marx doctrine a
46、nd Communist of firm belief, and on China features Socialist of firm faith, strengthened purposes consciousness, and practice line mass line, put ideal faith reflected to slim sets, and for political with right, and officer venture of aspects, Lofty ideals and the common ideal of exemplary practitio
47、ner. Clearly oppose and reject Western constitutional democracies, “universal values“, neo-liberalism, the historical nihilism and questioned reform and opening up and building socialism with Chinese characteristics, such as erroneous. (2) lead to strict political discipline and rules. For political
48、 Shang of liberalism, not seriously implement implementation central decision deployment, not seriously actual implement implementation party of route approach policy, major problem important matters not asked not report, for dangmianyitao set, and Dang “on both sides people“, for wind disciplinary
49、make “four wind“, for clique, and make mission groups guy, problem, seriously draw Zhou Yongkang, and Bo, and Xu caihou, and Guo boxiong, and makes plans and I province Su, and Xu gang, disciplinary illegal case of deep lessons, know fear, and Ming bottom line, and keep rules, Keep the political character of absolute loyalty to the party, political wise men, determined to uphold the authority of the Party Central Committee, maintaining the solidarity and unity of the party. (3) lead to set up the new development philosophy. For those not adapted, and not for even against new deve
