1、 四级写作 基础训练 (5000 字)写作常见类型? 1. 论说文discussion类Problems + reasons + recommendationsadvantages and disadvantages? 2. 记叙文? 3. 应用文（建议信，求职信，投诉信，询问请求信 公告，通知， 海报) 高分作文标准? 1. 结构完整，文章框架合理清晰，各段详略得当。 （well-organized)? 2. 文章内容充实，切题，不偏离主题(unity)? 3.语言表达正确，流畅，句子段落连贯自然 (coherent)? 4.措辞句式灵活多变(variety)How to achieve v
2、ariety? 1. 注意句子类型变化，交替使用简单句，并列句与主从复合句(1) simple sentence: contains only one independent clausee.g. Honesty and diligence should be your eternal mates.(2) compound sentence: contains two or more independent clausesThese independent clauses join together in any of the following ways. ; e.g. Online lea
3、rning is not easier than regular classroom study ; it requires much time,commitment and discipline to keep up with the flow of the course.? , coordinate conj. coordinate conj. : (and, or ,nor, for, so, yet, but)e.g. Once in a while I cried with frustration, and sometimes I even felt like giving up.
4、? ; a sentence connector , a sentence connector: ( however, whereas, in contrast, moreover, furthermore, in addition, therefore)e.g. I was eager to study English ; however, the situation was far from perfect. avoid comma slice (串句）Pollution has become a serious problem, we should take steps to contr
5、ol it. (wrong) Pollution has become a serious problem;（ , and） we should take steps to control it. Pollution has become a serious problem；therefore，we should take steps to control it. Since pollution has become a serious problem, we should take steps to control it. complex sentence；contain one indep
6、endent clause and one or more dependent clause.e.g.? If you keep your mind open to your parents, youll find it easier to bridge the generationgap.Avoid fragmentary sentenceWe should say no without hesitation on some occasions. For example, when the requirements are illegal or out of your reach. (wro
7、ng)改变相应标点：We should say no without hesitation on some occasions when the requirements are illegalor out of your reach.? In spare time, students have access to colorful activities. To go in for sports, to read in thelibrary and join some clubs. (wrong)加进必要成分变成完整从句：? I look upon English learning as a
8、difficult but rewarding experience. A experience that Iwill never trade for anything. (wrong)? I look upon English learning as a difficult but rewarding experience，which I will nevertrade for anything.? 不同句子类型间的变换e.g.主从复合句转化为带有非谓语的简单句：The law can punish those who produce or sell fake commodities.The
9、 law can punish those producing or sell fake commodities.The advanced technology and competitive society call on us college students to keep up with the latest development in science so that we will not be eliminated.The advanced technology and competitive society call on us college students to keep
10、 up with the latest development in science so as not to be eliminated.? 主从复合句与并列句的转换I was just going to explain when the bell rang.I was just going to explain, and then the bell rang.If you go out of your own culture, you can watch the world and yourself form different angles. Go out of your own cul
11、ture, and you can watch the world and yourself form different angles.? 简单句与并列句的转换The requirement is very high, so I cannot reach it.The requirement is too high for me to reach.? 2. 长短句错落有致，搭配合理e.g.A basic reason for divorce is that some people are not really ready for marriage, perhaps because they
12、are still establishing themselves in their careers and havent had enough time to get to know themselves and many members of the opposite sex, but family pressures make them feel that something is wrong with them as they are not married, and so they marry in haste without knowing each other well.句子长而
13、复杂，没有适当断句，缺乏层次感，语义模糊A basic reason for divorce is that some people are not really ready for marriage. As they are still establishing themselves in their careers and havent had enough time to get to know themselves and many members of the opposite sex. However, family pressures make them feel that so
14、mething is wrong with them as they are not married. So they marry in haste without knowing each other well.? Teenagers are pressured by school work. They are also encouraged by theirs. Under suchcircumstance, they resort to smoking .But sometimes they feel a little guilty.? Pressured by school work
15、and encouraged by their peers, teenagers often resort tosmoking, though they feel a little guilty sometimes.? Lies do harm to those whose are being told lies. Lies also do harm to those who tell them.? Lies not only do harm to those whose are being told lies, but also do harm to those whotell them.?
16、 His father, who is a salesman, became a millionaire overnight.? His father, a salesman, became a millionaire overnight.? 3.注意句子成分顺序排列的多样性，避免过多使用 主语动词谓语宾语其他成分。圆周句与松散句相结合。Periodic sentence: modify elements + main ideaLoose sentence: main idea + modify elementsmodify elements: 副词，介词短语，状语从句，不定式，分词等e.g.
17、? As opposed to just taking notes , students should participate in discussions actively.? Students should participate in discussions actively as opposed to just taking notes.? If you can keep the lines of communication open, youll find it easier to get along wellwith your parents.? Youll find it eas
18、ier to get along well with your parents if you can keep the lines ofcommunication open.? 4. 灵活运用各种句式:倒装强调适当穿插，主动被动合理运用，比较结构的巧妙运用，经典句式作为点睛之笔，适当运用修辞手法，恰当使用格言警句e.g.Not only did learning another language teach me the value of hard work, but it also gave me insights into another culture, and my mind was
19、opened to new ways of seeing things.? It was human beings greed, ignorance and waste that led to the deterioration of theenvironment.? I do hope that you will consider me for your position.? Just as mother is indispensable to child, so is study to our spirit.? so(such)that? so that? It is/was +a. +t
20、o do sth./clause.? V.+it（形式宾语） +a.(补语）? There is no denying that? No doubts that.? Its true that.? It doesnt follow that? It seems that.? When it comes to .? There is no point/sense? It is high time that? Some books are to be tasted, other s are swallowed ,and some few to be chewed anddigested.? Let
21、s always remember “Opportunities are only for the prepared mind ”and “No pains, nogains.”5. 遣词用语准确地道，表达方式富于变化The radio clicked on. Rock music blasted forth. Like a shot ,the music woke Sandy “Sandy,” shouted her father. “Sandy ,turn that music off!” Steve Finch burst into her room. horrible/awful/of
22、fensive/disgusting/tuneless/unpleasantannoyed, upset/ disgusted/ bored/bother/ trouble/ disturb/interfere/ bug/annoy? enhance/strengthen/reinforce/boost/ build up/improve? pros and cons/advantages and disadvantages/ positive aspects and negative ones/benefitsand problems (drawbacks)? outweigh/outshi
23、ne/edge out?How to achieve coherence?1. arrange sentences in logical order上下句之间意义联系紧密，逻辑关系明显 deduction (from general statement to specific statements) induction sequence of time and spacesequence of importance.2. 灵活使用代词使意思表达连贯自然3. 恰当使用连接词常用“表示各种承接关系的表达 及经典句式? 1. time：nowadays /at present/ presently/
24、 recently/ currently/ todaymeanwhile/at the same timeeventually/ ultimately/ finally/ at last/at lengthgradually, suddenly, after a while /then/immediately/instantly, soon, sooner or later, now and then/ at times/ sometimes/once in a whileno sooner than/ hardlywhen/The moment (instant/minute/second)
25、/every time/whenever/no matter when/ until/when/before/since/as/after2. emphasisin particular/ more importantly/ most importantly/above all/especially/ most of all/worst of all/best of alland equally important/last but not leastAlso important is.It is also important to do sth.Nothing is more importa
26、nt thanWhat is most important is thatA more important fact is.is a major concern.attach importance/weight to.lay/put importance/stress on.outweigh.3.肯定语气的表达certainly/ definitely/ surely/absolutely/undoubtedly/ indeed/ beyond any doubt/out of question/unquestionably/beyond questionThere is no doubt t
27、hatThere is no denying thatNo doubts thatIts true thatIt goes without saying thatIt is undeniable that.4. 表示“可能，不确定的语气”? Its quite likely that? It may well be that? It remains to be seen.? There is every chance that? Chances are that? It seems thatPresumably5. 表示“相关”的表达correspondingly/ similarly/ li
28、kewise/in turn6. 表示“对照比较”的表达on one handon the other hand/ for one thingfor another / however/ whereas/ while/ nevertheless/ otherwise/ in contrast (to/with)/ on the contrary/as opposed to/notbut Likewise/similarly/in comparison with/? Just as , so(正如,也一样）? The same is true of/with(也是如此)? Vice versa/
29、the reverse is true(反之亦然）? It is just the other way round（,相反,)the opposite ofno less than /lessthanno more than/morethanasasbear similarities/resemblance toshare/have in common7.表示“递进”关系的表达in addition/ besides/ plus/ furthermore/moreover/ whats more8. 表示顺序的表达firstsecond/thenFirstlysecondly. Finally
30、To begin with/ in the first place/ first of all9.表示因果关系的表达As a result/ as a consequence/ thus/ hence/ consequently/ therefore/ so/seeing that/in that/now that? Owing to (because of / thanks to) sth.? There are three reasons for this.? The reasons for this are as follows.? This is due to (results fro
31、m) several factors.? A number of factors could account for? One reason is that? partly because, partly because? Many factors that contribute to (lead to/account for) include? can be attributed to. Diverse contributing factors can be identified. In general, they come down to three major ones. Persona
32、lly, the following are the most typical ones.? The effect is evident/obvious.? It will have/exert a deep influence (on).? It may cause a sweeping change.? It leaves some serious consequences.? It may give rise to a host of problems.? The immediate result it produces is.? Worst of all/ most important
33、ly? The serious consequences cannot be neglected.10. 总结的表达方式in short/ in brief/ in a word/ to sum up/ in conclusion/ on the whole/ generally speaking/ in general/ by and large11.表示让步的表达方式although/ though/ as/ while/ whatever/whoever/whenever/wherever/despite/ in spite of/ regardless of / no matter w
34、hat/no matter who/when/whereregardless of/irrespective of/ even if12. 表示条件的表达in case （of)/ in the event of/ as long as / provided that/if/ given that13.表示举例的表达for example/ for instanceis a good case/example.take as an exampleCorrectness and concise? 1. 时态，语态，语气? 2.人称与数的一致? 3. 不同词性在句中的成分，尤其是动词? 4. 语序
35、（从句，倒装，疑问）? 5. there be 句型、比较句型There are some people claim teachers knowledge and ability are essential factors for students to take courses.? 6. 避免累喋句或串句（run on sentences)累喋句或串句：两个或多个句子串在一起，误当成一个句子。或两个完整的句子用逗号7. 避免片段句8.避免代词使用混乱或指代不清If a person lacks confidence ,how can they succeed?Do regular exerc
36、ises and be on your diet. As long as we stick to it, we can build up our health.9. 避免使用简写形式（e.g. sb./sth. )10. 没有把握的不用11. 避免悬垂修饰分词，不定式，形容词短语，介词短语等出现在举手是，它们与句子的主语在逻辑上应发生主谓关系或动宾关系，若没有这种关系就成了悬垂修饰。Young and inexperienced, the task seemed easy to me. (wrong)Although I was young and inexperienced, the tas
37、k seemed easy to me.? Having always read carefully, vocabulary was no trouble to him. (wrong)? Having always read carefully, he had no vocabulary trouble.? Since he had always read carefully, vocabulary was no trouble to him.? To read the novel in original English, plenty of time is needed. (wrong)?
38、 To read the novel in original English, one needs plenty of time .? If you read the novel in original English, plenty of time is needed.? Although seriously ill, the boss made her work ten hours a day in the hot workshop.(wrong)? Although she was seriously ill, the boss made her work ten hours a day
39、 in the hotworkshop.? 12. 避免使用结构不平行句? She likes to sing , swimming and table tennis.（wrong）she likes singing, swimming and playing table tennis。Part 1.Topic sentence (第 1句)? (注意:一般题目会给出三点提纲，每点提纲各写一段不要跑题即每一段表达一个中心意思，每段第一句是主题句即所给提纲的展开或翻译。 ）Part 2. supporting sentences(第 2-4 sentences)? (运用恰当的段落发展方法展开论
40、据，注意所有论据统一于主题句，内容充实，意思和语言表达连贯借助关联词，语言用词注意多样）Part 3 ending Sentence /concluding or translational sentence(第 5句） （可省略）段落发展方法? Sequence of time and spaceSequenced Orderdescribing a series of actions according to the time when they happened.Narrations + Commentstime makers? Typical Expressions for NarratingWhen I/he/sth.At such timesOn one occasionThe next day? Deduction（general statement details）
