（江苏专版）2018年高考英语二轮复习 增分篇 专题巧突破 专题四 任务型阅读（课件+试题+讲义）（打包6套）.zip

1专题限时检测(二十七) 任务型阅读(四)(限时 24 分钟)A(2017·苏北四市高三一模)Is Cash Becoming Outdated?When he rolls into a gas station to fill his tank, Barkhad Dahir doesn't get out of his car. He pushes a few buttons on his cellphone and within seconds he has paid for the fuel. With the same quick pushes on his phone, he pays for virtually everything he needs: groceries at the supermarket, a few oranges from a market stall, or a cup of sweet milky tea from a café. “Everyone here has his own bank with easy access， ” boasts Mr.Dahir. “Even lying in bed, you can be paying your bills.”Electronic payments offer consumers convenience, provide revenue for banks, credit card companies and payment processors, and offer merchants improved cash flow and convenience. “I don't even carry money any more， ” says Adan Abokor, a democracy activist. “I haven't seen cash for a long time. Almost every merchant, even hawker (小贩) on the street, accepts payment by cellphone. There's no waiting for it and no counting of cash.”The system is impressively simple and secure. Purchases are made by dialing a three­digit number, entering a four­digit PIN, and then entering the retailer's payment number and the amount of money. Both customers and merchants receive text messages to confirm the payment.Clearing up cash payments has several advantages as well. The printing and handling of money is expensive. Cash payments can be anonymous and hard to track criminal activities to be conducted in secret. Many governments favor reducing cash dealings in order to better monitor and understand the activities of their citizens. The Swedish government has been discussing the removing of cash since 2010.However, some people doubt what members of a cashless society do when the power goes off. Do they choose to barter (物物交换 ) and rob? Do they sit at home and wait? What happens to people who rely on their cellphones to process money dealings when cell service and the Internet are interrupted? A world affected by terrorism and increasingly violent weather may not yet be ready to abandon currency. “Ironically, the day after the largest bank in Norway, DNB, 2proposed ending all cash dealings, I went to my local grocery store and when I tried to pay by phone, I was told that I needed to go to the ATM to get cash because the system was broken， ” said an interviewee.Other people fear that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks and enable dealings to be tracked and reported.Privacy, security and convenience are all important factors in the adoption of electronic payment technology. New technologies which balance and address these factors may enable people to remove cash.Is Cash Becoming Outdated？Passage outline Supporting detailsAn example of electronic paymentsBarkhad Dahir claims that he can almost purchase (1)________ he needs by using his mobile phone.Reasons for the (2)________ for electronic payments·They can be more (3)________ without waiting in line or counting the cash, whose characteristics include (4)________ and simplicity.·They reduce the cost of printing money and allow the government to (5)________ cash activities.Possible(6)________ of electronicpayments·Some people are (7)________ whether electronic payments can still be effective during times when the power goes off.·There are (8)________ that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks.·It is possible that electronic dealings can be (9)________ and reported for illegal use.ConclusionCash is not (10)________ to be completely replaced unless privacy, security and convenience are balanced and settled.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。电子支付日益盛行，那么现金会被电子支付取代吗？本文针对这一话题展开了论述。1．everything/whatever 直接信息题。根据第一段第三句话可知，他可以用手机买到他需要的所有东西。故空格处可填 everything/whatever。2．preference 信息概括题。根据表格右栏的内容可知，这里讲的是人们偏爱电子支付的原因，所以填 preference“偏爱” 。33．time­saving/convenient 信息转换题。根据第二段第一句话中的“. offer consumers convenience”及最后一句话“There's no waiting for it and no counting of cash.”可知，顾客使用电子支付既不需要排队等候，也不需要清点现金，故电子支付更加省时、方便快捷。4．security 信息转换题。根据第三段第一句话“The system is impressively simple and secure.”可知，这个支付系统非常简单而且安全可靠。根据题干可知，这里需要用 secure 的名词形式与后面的 simplicity 相对应。故填 security。5．monitor 直接信息题。根据第四段第四句话“Many governments favor reducing cash dealings in order to better monitor and understand the activities of their citizens.”可知，使用电子支付可以减少现金流通，方便政府更好地监控现金流通行为。6．drawbacks/shortcomings/disadvantages/problems/weaknesses 信息概括题。根据表格右栏的内容可知，此处主要讲的是电子支付的缺点和不足之处。7．doubtful/skeptical/sceptical 信息转换题。根据第五段的内容可知，本段主要讲的是人们对电子支付的一些疑惑，其中第一句话中的“doubt”是提示。8．fears/worries/concerns 信息转换题。根据第六段中的“Other people fear that electronic payments may create security and fraud risks and .”可知，人们害怕/担心电子支付会带来安全和诈骗风险。9．tracked 直接信息题。根据第六段“.enable dealings to be tracked and reported”中的“tracked”可直接得到答案。10．likely 信息概括题。根据最后一段可知，隐私、安全和便利性都是使用电子支付技术的重要因素。平衡和解决这些问题的新科技可能会使得电子支付代替现金。由此可推知，在同隐私、安全和便利性相关的问题得到解决之前，现金不可能被完全替代。be (not) likely to do“(不)可能做某事”为固定用法。B(2017·通、扬、泰、淮高三三模)We all need to feel understood, recognized and affirmed (证实) by our friends, family and romantic partners. We all need to find our tribe. Research has shown that among the benefits that come with being in a relationship or group, feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning. When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter, you believe you matter, too.Though we all share a need to belong, in the first decades of the 20th century, many influential psychologists and physicians did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature. The idea that children needed parental love 4and care to live a full and meaningful life was not only considered medically dangerous, but it was dismissed as immoral and disgusting.As behavioural psychology came into fashion and academic psychologists turned their attention to child­raising, this view shifted and they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment in early life. They discovered that people, whatever their age, needed more than food and shelter to live full and healthy lives.But, sadly, many of us lack close ties. At a time when we are more connected digitally than ever before, rates of social isolation (孤立) are rising. The results of an Age UK poll published recently suggest that half a million people over the age of 60 usually spend each day alone, and it's not unusual for another half a million people to go five or six days without seeing or speaking to someone. All these figures reveal more than a rise in loneliness — they reveal a lack of meaning in people's lives. In surveys, we list our close relationships as our most important sources of meaning. Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.While close relationships are critical for living a meaningful life, they are not the only important social bonds we need to cultivate (培养). Psychologists have also discovered the value of small moments of intimacy (亲昵行为). “High­quality connections” ， as one researcher calls them, are positive, short­term interactions between two people when a couple holds hands on a walk or when two strangers have an empathetic (移情作用的) conversation on a plane. High­quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances, colleagues and strangers.We can't control whether someone will make a high­quality connection with us, but we can all choose to start one. We can say hello to a stranger on the street rather than look away. We can choose to value people rather than devalue them. We can invite people to belong. Passage outline Supporting detailsThe need to belong◆Everyone hopes to develop a (1)______ of belonging in a group.◆People's self­respect is (2) ________ by other people's opinion.5The changing (3) ______to belonging◆Many famous experts in the first decades of the 20th century (4) ________ that people had the need to belong.◆Experts later came to realize that people, regardless of their age, needed (5) ________ to enjoy full and healthy lives.Consequences of (6)______close ties◆Many people are cut off from the world and feel (7) ________.◆People who do not have enough close relationships find their life has less (8) ________.Another way to meet the need◆High­quality connections make a (9) ________ in helping satisfy our need to belong.◆We should (10) ________ to make a high­quality connection.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。每个人都想在团体中有归属感，为此我们应该主动建立高质量的社会纽带。1．sense/feeling 信息概括题。根据第一段中的“We all need to find our tribe.”和第二段中的“. in a relationship or group, feeling accepted is regarded as the most important driver of meaning”可知，每个人都想在团体中有归属感。a sense/feeling of belonging“归属感” 。2．influenced/affected/shaped/determined/decided 信息概括题。根据第二段中的“When other people think you matter and treat you as if you matter, you believe you matter, too.”可知，人的自尊受其他人观点的影响。3．attitudes 信息概括题。根据第三段中的“The idea that children needed .but it was dismissed as immoral and disgusting.”和第四段中的“. this view shifted”可知，该部分的主题是人们对归属感态度(attitudes)的改变。4．denied 信息概括题。根据第三段中的“Though we all share a need to belong .did not acknowledge this fundamental aspect of human nature.”可知，20 世纪初期的很多专家否认(denied)人们需要归属感。65．attachment/love/care 直接信息题。根据第四段中的“. they began to examine and affirm the vital importance of attachment .shelter to live full and healthy lives.”可知，专家后来意识到人们需要依恋或关爱(attachment/love/care)来享受充实、健康的生活。6．lacking 信息转换题。第五段中的“But, sadly, many of us lack close ties.”是第五、六段的论述要点。再结合右栏的内容可知，该部分谈及缺乏(lacking)亲密关系的后果。7．lonely/isolated/alone 信息概括题。根据第五段中的内容可知，很多人与世隔绝，感到孤独或寂寞(lonely/isolated/alone)。8．meaning 信息转换题。根据第六段中的“.Research shows that people who are lonely and isolated feel their lives are less meaningful.”可知，缺乏亲密关系的人觉得生活的意义(meaning)更小。9．difference 信息概括题。根据第七段中的“‘High­quality connections’， as one researcher calls them . High­quality connections have the potential to unlock meaning in our interactions with acquaintances, colleagues and strangers.”可知，高质量的社会纽带在帮助人们满足归属需求方面有重大意义。make a difference“有(重要)作用，有影响，有关系” 。10．start/offer/try/attempt 直接信息题。根据最后一段中的“We can't control whether someone will make a high­quality connection with us, but we can all choose to start one.”可知，人们应该主动开始/提出/尝试 (start/offer/try/attempt) 建立高质量的社会纽带。1专题限时检测(二十五) 任务型阅读(二)(限时 24 分钟)A(2017·南京、盐城高三一模) Until about 18 years ago, it was widely assumed that most of brain development occurs in the first few years of life. But recent research on the human brain has shown that many brain regions undergo prolonged development throughout adolescence and beyond in humans. This advancement in knowledge has increased old worries and given rise to new ones. It is hugely worrying that so many teenagers around the world don't have access to education at a time when their brains are still developing and being shaped by the environment. We should also worry about our lack of understanding of how our rapidly changing world is shaping the developing teenage brain.Decades of research on early neurodevelopment suggested that the environment influences brain development. During the first few months or years of life, an animal must be exposed to particular visual or auditory stimuli (听觉刺激) for the associated brain cells and connections to develop. In this way, neuronal circuitry (神经元回路 ) is shaped according to the environment during “sensitive periods” of brain development. This research has focused mostly on early development of sensory brain regions. What about later development of higher­level brain regions, which are involved in decision­making, control and planning, as well as social understanding and self­awareness? We know these brain regions continue to develop throughout adolescence. However, we have very little knowledge about how environmental factors influence the developing teenage brain. This is something that should concern us.There's a lot of concern about the hours some teenagers spend online and playing video games. But maybe all this worry is misplaced. After all, throughout history humans have worried about the effects of new technologies on the minds of the next generation. When the printing press was invented, there was anxiety about reading corrupting young people's minds, and the same worries were repeated for the invention of radio and television. Maybe we shouldn't be worried at all. It's possible that the developing 2brains of today's teenagers are going to be the most adaptable, creative, multitasking brains that have ever existed. There is evidence — from adults — that playing video games improves a range of cognitive functions such as divided attention and working memory. Much less is known about how gaming, social networking and so on, influence the developing adolescent brain. We don't know whether the effects of new technologies on the developing brain are positive, negative or neutral. We need to find out.Adolescence is a period of life in which the brain is developing and shapable, and it represents a good opportunity for learning and social development. However, according to UNICEF, 40% of the world's teenagers do not have access to secondary school education. The percentage of teenage girls who have no access to education is much higher, and yet there is strong evidence that the education of girls in developing countries has multiple significant benefits for family health, population growth rates, child mortality rates, HIV rates as well as for women's self­esteem and quality of life. Adolescence represents a time of brain development when teaching and training should be particularly beneficial. I worry about the lost opportunity of denying the world's teenagers access to education.Worrying about the teenage brainIntroductionDifferent from the previous studies, a new one reveals that brain development will (1)________ even in the teenage years and beyond, which (2)________ some worries.·Particular visual or auditory stimuli are a must for animals to (4)________ neuronal circuitry at the early time of life.·We should be (5)________ about what influence the environment has on the developing teenage brain.·Humans always face new technologies with a sense of anxiety that young people's minds are (6)________．·We are supposed to find out what kind of role new technologies play in the (7)________ of the teenage brain.Variousfactors (3)______ the teenagebrain andnew worries·Education is of great (8)________ in adolescence 3when the brain is developing and being shaped. However, it isn't (9)________ to two fifths of the world's teenagers, girls in particular.·We are expected to be (10)________ of the effects of education on the developing brains.语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，介绍了一项新的发现：人的大脑在青春期及以后会继续发育、成长。1．continue 信息转换题。根据第一段第二句可知，新的研究发现大脑的许多区域在青春期及以后会继续发育。故填 continue。2．causes 信息转换题。根据第一段第三句可知，知识的进步引起了人们的担心。关系代词 which 指代前面整句话的内容，表示单数概念，所以从句谓语动词用 causes。3．affecting/influencing 信息概括题。根据文章第二至四段的内容及表格右栏中的内容可知，此处讲的是影响青少年大脑发育的各种因素和新的担心。此处用现在分词作定语修饰名词 factors。4．shape 信息转换题。根据第二段第二、三句可知，特别的视觉或听觉刺激是动物在生命早期形成神经元回路的必须条件。故填 shape。5．concerned/worried/anxious 信息转换题。根据第二段最后两句可知，我们应担心环境对青少年发育中的大脑有什么影响。be concerned/worried/anxious about 意为“对……担心” 。6．corrupted 信息转换题。根据第三段第四句可知，面对新技术，人们担心青少年的大脑被损坏。故填 corrupted。7．development 信息转换题。根据第三段最后两句可知，我们应该查明新技术对青少年大脑的发育起什么样的作用。故填 development。8．importance/significance/benefit 信息概括题。根据第四段前三句内容可知，当大脑发育时，教育是相当重要的。介词 of 后接名词，故填importance/significance/benefit。9．accessible/available 信息转换题。根据第四段中的“However, according to UNICEF, 40% of . have no access to education is much higher”可知，五分之二的青少年尤其是女孩没有机会接受教育。此处用 access 的形容词 accessible 或available。10．aware/conscious 信息概括题。根据第四段最后两句可知，我们应该意识到教育对发育中的大脑的影响。be aware/conscious of 意为“意识到……” 。B4(2017·无锡高三一模)The world would have been so much better if we all knew how to say and do the right thing at the right time. However, that is not the case, especially when it comes to instilling (逐步培养) proper behavior in kids. Behavior modification (BM) techniques were recently created to help in instilling proper behavior in children as well as adults.Behavior modification refers to establishing various appropriate behaviors in individuals and discouraging those that are not desired. Behavior modification techniques are developed largely according to the principles of operant conditioning by B．F.Skinner, an American behaviorist. These techniques are used in behavior modification treatment that aims to correct and instill appropriate behavior in children.The commonly used behavior modification techniques are positive reinforcement (强化), negative reinforcement and punishment. Positive reinforcement refers to reinforcing proper behavior that most desire through the process of rewarding it. This can be done by praising the individual as soon as he performs desired behavior. Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or behavior because the desired behavior was performed. For example, not letting a child help in washing dishes because he behaved well at a family gathering is a form of negative reinforcement. Punishment is something we all can relate to. Yes, it is just what it means. However, when put in words, punishment refers to subjecting (使服从于) an individual to a negative condition because of inappropriate behavior.The behavior modification techniques for children are mostly based on positive and negative reinforcement. However, parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally for child behavior modification. Though the behavior modification techniques lead to quick results, a parent should continuously try to cultivate (培养) in his child the ability to appreciate the reason why such behavior is expected of him. This can be done through effective communication and greater focus on the parent­child relationship. As a parent, don't make the reward a monetary one. Try to make it look more like a privilege than a reward. A parent should also be consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance so that the child gets a clear idea of what is expected and what is not.5Although we talk so much about the role of a parent in bringing positive behavior modification to children, both parents and teachers have equally important roles to play. Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management, teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking, and continuous monitoring of a child's behavior. It is true that there are various behavior modification techniques available for encouraging proper behavior in children. However, there is nothing that can take the place of proper parenting and an affectionate (慈爱) environment.Techniques for Modifying Behavior(1) ______ of BMEstablishing various appropriate behaviors and discouraging undesirable ones, aiming to correct and instill proper behavior in individuals.Types of BM techniques●Positive reinforcement: Reinforcing (2) ________behavior by means of rewarding it.●Negative reinforcement: (3) ______ a negative consequence or behavior.●Punishment: Subjecting an individual to a negative condition (4) ________ to improper behavior.BM techniquesfor children●For parents: Realizing these techniques are helpful in leading to quick results, but they are not totally (5) ________.Effective ways●Communicating (6) ________ with children and focusing more on the child­parent relationship.●Making the reward more of a privilege rather than a reward.●Remembering to (7) ________ to the same technique and apply it whenever there is a chance.6●For teachers: Realizing both parents and teachers have equally important roles. Effective ways●Playing their role through classroom management designed for the (8) ________ of potential problems.●Teaching (9) ________ skills needed in our society.●Monitoring children's behavior continuously.(10) ________Proper parenting and an affectionate environment play an irreplaceable role in encouraging proper behavior in children.语 篇 解 读 ： 本 文 是 一 篇 说 明 文 ， 介 绍 了 什 么 是 行 为 矫 正 及 行 为 矫 正 的 技 巧 。1．Definition 信息概括题。根据第二段第一句及表格右栏中的内容可知，这里是behavior modification 的定义，故填 Definition。2．desired/proper/appropriate 直接信息题。根据第三段第二句和第三句可知，积极强化指的是通过给予奖励的方式来强化想要的或合适的行为。故填desired/proper/appropriate。3．Removing 信息转换题。根据第三段中的“Negative reinforcement behavioral strategies are based on the removal of a negative consequence or behavior”可知，负面强化的行为策略是基于移除负面后果或行为的，此句中的 removal 是关键词汇，故填Removing。4．due/owing/thanks 信息转换题。根据第三段中的“because of inappropriate behavior”可知，此处应填 due/owing/thanks。due/owing/thanks to 是固定用法，意为“因为，由于” 。5．reliable/dependable 信息转换题。根据第四段中的“parents should realize that these techniques can't be relied upon totally . ”可知，父母在矫正孩子的行为时不能完全依靠这些技巧。故填 reliable/dependable。6．effectively 信息转换题。根据第四段中的“This can be done through effective communication”可知，父母要与孩子进行有效的交流。故填副词effectively。7．stick/keep 信息转换题。根据第四段中的“A parent should also be 7consistent with his technique and apply it whenever there is a chance”可知，父母应该坚持使用同样的方法。stick/keep to 意为“坚持” 。8．prevention 信息转换题。根据最后一段中的“Teachers play their role through preventive classroom management”可知，老师通过预防课堂问题行为来优化课堂管理。句中的 preventive 是关键词汇，再结合空前的 the 和空后的 of 可知应填prevention。9．problem­solving 信息转换题。根据最后一段中的“teaching skills for solving social problems like alternative thinking”可知，此处指的是教给学生处理问题的技能，故填 problem­solving。10．Conclusion 信息概括题。根据文章最后一段及右栏的内容可知，此处指的是结论，故填 Conclusion。