1、 Recognized as an American National Standard(ANSI)IEEE Std 399-1997 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Analysis Sponsor Power Systems Engineering Committeeof theIndustrial and Commercial Power Systems Departmentof theIEEE Industry Applications Society Approved 16 S
2、eptember 1997 IEEE Standards Board Approved 28 April 1998 American National Standards Institute Abstract:This Recommended Practice is a reference source for engineers involved inindustrial and commercial power systems analysis.It contains a thorough analysis of the powersystem data required,and the
3、techniques most commonly used in computer-aided analysis,inorder to perform specific power system studies of the following:short-circuit,load flow,motor-starting,cable ampacity,stability,harmonic analysis,switching transient,reliability,groundmat,protective coordination,dc auxiliary power system,and
4、 power system modeling.Keywords:cable ampacity,dc power system studies,ground mat studies,harmonic analysis,load flow studies,motor-starting studies,power system analysis,power system modeling,power system studies,protective coordination studies,reliability studies,short-circuit studies,stability st
5、udies,switching transient studies.Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following organization for having granted permission to reprintillustrations in this document as listed below:The General Electric Company,Schenectady,NY,for Figures 16-2,16-4,16-6,and 16-7.First PrintingAugust 1998SH94571The I
6、nstitute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.345 East 47th Street,New Y ork,NY 10017-2394,USACopyright 1998 by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.All rights reserved.Published 1998.Printed in the United States of AmericaISBN 1-55937-968-5No part of this publication may
7、 be reproduced in any form,in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,without the prior written permission of the publisher.IEEE Standards documents are developed within the Technical Committees of the IEEE Societies andthe Standards Coordinating Committees of the IEEE Standards Board.Members of
8、 the committeesserve voluntarily and without compensation.They are not necessarily members of the Institute.Thestandards developed within IEEE represent a consensus of the broad expertise on the subject within theInstitute as well as those activities outside of IEEE that have expressed an interest i
9、n participating in thedevelopment of the standard.Use of an IEEE Standard is wholly voluntary.The existence of an IEEE Standard does not imply thatthere are no other ways to produce,test,measure,purchase,market,or provide other goods and servicesrelated to the scope of the IEEE Standard.Furthermore,
10、the viewpoint expressed at the time a standardis approved and issued is subject to change brought about through developments in the state of the artand comments received from users of the standard.Every IEEE Standard is subjected to review at leastevery ve years for revision or reafrmation.When a do
11、cument is more than ve years old and has notbeen reafrmed,it is reasonable to conclude that its contents,although still of some value,do notwholly reect the present state of the art.Users are cautioned to check to determine that they have thelatest edition of any IEEE Standard.Comments for revision
12、of IEEE Standards are welcome from any interested party,regardless of mem-bership afliation with IEEE.Suggestions for changes in documents should be in the form of a pro-posed change of text,together with appropriate supporting comments.Interpretations:Occasionally questions may arise regarding the
13、meaning of portions of standards asthey relate to specic applications.When the need for interpretations is brought to the attention ofIEEE,the Institute will initiate action to prepare appropriate responses.Since IEEE Standards representa consensus of all concerned interests,it is important to ensur
14、e that any interpretation has also receivedthe concurrence of a balance of interests.For this reason IEEE and the members of its technical com-mittees are not able to provide an instant response to interpretation requests except in those cases wherethe matter has previously received formal considera
15、tion.Comments on standards and requests for interpretations should be addressed to:Secretary,IEEE Standards Board445 Hoes LaneP.O.Box 1331Piscataway,NJ 08855-1331USAAuthorization to photocopy portions of any individual standard for internal or personal use is granted bythe Institute of Electrical an
16、d Electronics Engineers,Inc.,provided that the appropriate fee is paid toCopyright Clearance Center.To arrange for payment of licensing fee,please contact Copyright Clear-ance Center,Customer Service,222 Rosewood Drive,Danvers,MA 01923 USA;(508)750-8400.Per-mission to photocopy portions of any indiv
17、idual standard for educational classroom use can also beobtained through the Copyright Clearance Center.Note:Attention is called to the possibility that implementation of this standard mayrequire use of subject matter covered by patent rights.By publication of this standard,no position is taken with
18、 respect to the existence or validity of any patent rights inconnection therewith.The IEEE shall not be responsible for identifying patents forwhich a license may be required by an IEEE standard or for conducting inquiries intothe legal validity or scope of those patents that are brought to its atte
19、ntion.iv Introduction(This introduction is not a part of IEEE Std 399-1997,IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial andCommercial Power Systems Analysis.)This Recommended Practice,commonly known as the“Brown Book,”is intended as apractical,general treatise on power system analysis theory and as an e
20、ngineers referencesource on the techniques that are most commonly applied to the computer-aided analysis ofelectric power systems in industrial plants and commercial buildings.The Brown Book is auseful supplement to several other power system analysis texts that appear in the referencesand bibliogra
21、phy subclauses of the various chapters of this book.The Brown Book is bothcomplementary and supplementary to the rest of the Color Book series.One new and important chapter has been added:Chapter 16,entitled“DC auxiliary powersystem analysis.”All the other chapters in this new edition have been revi
22、sed and updatedin some cases quite substantiallyto reect current technology.To many members of the working group who wrote and developed this RecommendedPractice,the Brown Book has become a true labor of love.The dedication and support ofeach individual member is clearly evident in every chapter of
23、the Brown Book.Theseindividuals deserve our many thanks for their excellent contributions.vThe Brown Book Working Group for the 1997 edition had the following membership:L.Guy Jackson,ChairChapter 1:Introduction L.Guy Jackson,Chair;George A.TerryChapter 2:Applications of power system analysis L.Guy
24、Jackson,Chair;George A.TerryChapter 3:Analytical procedures M.Shan Grifth,Chair;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 4:System modeling Stephen S.Miller,Co-Chair;Mark Halpin;Co-Chair;Matt McBurnett;Anthony J.Rodolakis;Michael S.TuckerChapter 5:Computer solutions and systems Glenn E.Word,Chair;Anthony J.Rodolak
25、isChapter 6:Load ow studies Chet E.Davis,Co-Chair;James W.Feltes,Co-Chair;Mark Halpin;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 7:Short-circuit studies Anthony J.Rodolakis,Chair;William M.Hall;Mark Halpin;Michael E.Lick;Matt McBurnett;Conrad St.PierreChapter 8:Stability studies Wei-Jen Lee,Co-Chair;Mark Halpin,Co-
26、Chair;Matt McBurnett;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 9:Motor-starting studies M.Shan Grifth,Co-Chair;Mike Aimone,Co-Chair;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 10:Harmonic analysis studies Suresh C.Kapoor,Chair;M.Shan Griffith;Mark HalpinChapter 11:Switching transient studies Carlos B.Pinheiro,Chair Chapter 12:Reli
27、ability studies Michael R.Albright,Chair Chapter 13:Cable ampacity studies Farrokh Shokooh,Chair Chapter 14:Ground mat studies M.Shan Grifth,Chair;Anthony J.RodolakisChapter 15:Coordination studies A.Elizabeth Ronat,Chair;Mike Aimone;Michael E.Lick;John F.WitteChapter 16:DC auxiliary power system an
28、alysis Kenneth Fleishcher,Co-Chair;Scott Munnings,Co-Chair;Ajkit K.Hiranandani;Gene A.PolettoOthers who contributed to the development of this document are as follows:J.J.Dia A.D.Patton George W.WalshC.R.Heising David Shipp Erzhuan Zhou viThe following persons were on the balloting committee:Mike A.
29、Aimone Don O.Koval Brian RenerMichael R.Albright Wei-Jen Lee Rasheek RifaatRobert J.Beaker Michael E.Lick Milton D.RobinsonReuben F.Burch IV Matt McBurnett Anthony RodolakisChet Davis Richard H.McFadden A.Elizabeth RonatJames W.Feltes Reg Mendis Donald R.RuthmanLandis H.Floyd Steve S.Miller Vincent
30、SaporitaJerry M.Frank Daleep Mohla Lynn F.SaundersDan Goldberg William J.Moylan Stan ShillingM.Shan Grifth R.Scott Munnings David ShippWilliam M.Hall Andrew T.Morris Farrokh ShokoohMark S.Halpin Ed Palko Conrad R.St.PierreL.Guy Jackson Gene A.Poletto Erzhuan ZhouSuresh C.Kapoor Donald W.Zipse viiWhe
31、n the IEEE Standards Board approved this standard on 16 September 1997,it had thefollowing membership:Donald C.Loughry,Chair Richard J.Holleman,Vice Chair Andrew G.Salem,Secretary Clyde R.Camp Lowell Johnson Louis-Franois PauStephen L.Diamond Robert Kenelly Gerald H.PetersonHarold E.Epstein E.G.“Al”
32、Kiener John W.PopeDonald C.Fleckenstein Joseph L.Koepnger*Jose R.RamosJay Forster*Stephen R.Lambert Ronald H.ReimerThomas F.Garrity Lawrence V.McCall Ingo RschDonald N.Heirman L.Bruce McClung John S.RyanJim Isaak Marco W.Migliaro Chee Kiow TanBen C.Johnson Howard L.Wolfman*Member Emeritus Also inclu
33、ded are the following nonvoting IEEE Standards Board liaisons:Satish K.AggarwalAlan H.CooksonPaula M.Kelty IEEE Standards Project Editor National Electrical Code and NEC are both registered trademarks of the National Fire Protection Association,Inc.ix Contents Chapter 1Overview.11.1 Scope and genera
34、l information.11.2 History of power system studies.11.3 Applying power system analysis techniques to industrial andcommercial power systems.21.4 Purposes of this Recommended Practice.21.5 References.5Chapter 2Applications of power system analysis.72.1 Introduction.72.2 Load flow analysis.72.3 Short-
35、circuit analysis.82.4 Stability analysis.82.5 Motor-starting analysis.82.6 Harmonic analysis.92.7 Switching transients analysis.102.8 Reliability analysis.102.9 Cable ampacity analysis.102.10 Ground mat analysis.112.11 Protective device coordination analysis.112.12 DC auxiliary power system analysis
36、.12Chapter 3Analytical procedures.133.1 Introduction.133.2 Fundamentals.143.3 Bibliography.40Chapter 4System modeling.434.1 Introduction.434.2 Modeling.434.3 Review of basics.444.4 Power network solution.494.5 Impedance diagram.534.6 Extent of the model.544.7 Models of branch elements.554.8 Power sy
37、stem data development.714.9 Models of bus elements.80 x4.10 References.994.11 Bibliography.100Chapter 5Computer solutions and systems.1035.1 Introduction.1035.2 Numerical solution techniques.1045.3 Computer systems.1225.4 Bibliography.129Chapter 6Load flow studies.1336.1 Introduction.1336.2 System r
38、epresentation.1346.3 Input data.1376.4 Load flow solution methods.1406.5 Load flow analysis.1496.6 Load flow study example.1516.7 Load flow programs.1626.8 Conclusions.162Chapter 7Short-circuit studies.1657.1 Introduction and scope.1657.2 Extent and requirements of short-circuit studies.1667.3 Syste
39、m modeling and computational techniques.1687.4 Fault analysis according to industry standards.1727.5 Factors affecting the accuracy of short-circuit studies.1797.6 Computer solutions.1827.7 Example.1877.8 References.2037.9 Bibliography.206Chapter 8Stability studies.2098.1 Introduction.2098.2 Stabili
40、ty fundamentals.2098.3 Problems caused by instability.2168.4 System disturbances that can cause instability.2168.5 Solutions to stability problems.2178.6 System stability analysis.2188.7 Stability studies of industrial power systems.2238.8 Summary and conclusions.2288.9 Bibliography.229 xiChapter 9M
41、otor-starting studies.2319.1 Introduction.2319.2 Need for motor-starting studies.2319.3 Recommendations.2359.4 Types of studies.2379.5 Data requirements.2389.6 Solution procedures and examples.2419.7 Summary.2599.8 References.2639.9 Bibliography.263Chapter 10Harmonic analysis studies.26510.1 Introdu
42、ction.26510.2 Background.26610.3 Purpose of harmonic study.26710.4 General theory.26810.5 System modeling.27610.6 Example solutions.29010.7 Remedial measures.30210.8 Harmonic standards.30710.9 References.30910.10 Bibliography.309Chapter 11Switching transient studies.31311.1 Power system switching tr
43、ansients.31311.2 Switching transient studies.33811.3 Switching transientsfield measurements.35911.4 Typical circuit parameters for transient studies.36311.5 References.36711.6 Bibliography.367Chapter 12Reliability studies.37512.2 Definitions.37512.3 System reliability indexes.37712.4 Data needed for
44、 system reliability evaluations.37712.5 Method for system reliability evaluation.37812.6 References.380 xiiChapter 13Cable ampacity studies.38313.1 Introduction.38313.2 Heat flow analysis.38413.3 Application of computer program.38613.4 Ampacity adjustment factors.38813.5 Example.39913.6 Conclusion.4
45、0313.7 References.40413.8 Bibliography.404Chapter 14Ground mat studies.40714.1 Introduction.40714.2 Justification for ground mat studies.40714.3 Modeling the human body.40714.4 Traditional analysis of the ground mat.41014.5 Advanced grid modeling.41514.6 Benchmark problems.41814.7 Input/output techn
46、iques.42014.8 Sample problem.42014.9 Conclusion.42014.10 Reference.42314.11 Bibliography.424Chapter 15Coordination studies.42915.1 Introduction.42915.2 Basics of coordination.43015.3 Computer programs for coordination.43515.4 Common structure for computer programs.43615.5 How to make use of coordina
47、tion software.44115.6 Verifying the results.44315.7 Equipment needs.44315.8 Conclusion.44415.9 Bibliography.444Chapter 16DC auxiliary power system analysis.44516.1 Introduction.44516.2 Purpose of the recommended practice.44516.3 Application of dc power system analysis.44516.4 Analytical procedures.4
48、46 xiii16.5 System modeling.44616.6 Load flow/voltage drop studies.46116.7 Short-circuit studies.46416.8 International guidance on dc short-circuit calculations.46616.9 Bibliography.466Index.469 Copyright 1998 IEEE.All rights reserved.1 IEEE Recommended Practice for Industrial and Commercial Power S
49、ystems AnalysisChapter 1Overview 1.1 Scope and general information This Recommended Practice,commonly known as the IEEE Brown Book,is published bythe Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers,Inc.(IEEE)as a reference source to giveplant engineers a better understanding of the purpose for and
50、 techniques involved in powersystem studies.The IEEE Brown Book can also be a helpful reference source for system anddata acquisition for engineering consultants performing necessary studies prior to designing anew system or expanding an existing power system.This Recommended Practice will helpensur
