1、Practical English Phonetics,Contents,I. Introduction II. The organs of speech III. English Speech Sounds IV. Sounds in Connected Speech V. Intonation,I. Introduction The importance of phonetic study A) Phonetics is the science and study of speech sounds ( sounds made by human speech organs represent
2、ing meaning ). It deals with the sound system of a language. Phonetics is a branch of linguistics: phonetics, vocabulary and grammar. Speech sound is the basic element for word + grammar to rely on. (To learn any spoken language, the first step is to learn the basic sounds. ),a): Relations between s
3、peech sound + word i) sound affects the formation of words Describe-description five-fifteen twelve-twelfth (onomatopoeia) cackle quack honk twitter chirp grunt roar giggle blab soup slurp sip slop sloppy slob ii) Sounds + irregular verb form change/e/ in original form, no change in other 2 past for
4、ms. E.g. Bet bet bet let let let upset upset upset Spread spread spread,/ i :/ in origin form, / i :/ is changed into /e / in other forms E.g. Meet met met feed fed fed lead led ledLeave left left keep kept kept read read readSleep slept slept feel felt felt sweep swept sweptVerbs with /d / in origi
5、nal form, d changed into / t / E g. Send sent sent bend bent bent lend lent lent Spend spent spent build built built,/ / in original verb forms, vowels changed into / / or / /E g. Sing sang sang ring rang rang sink sank sank Swin swam swam drink drank drunk spring sprang sprung Begin began begun swi
6、ng swung swung sling slug slung Fling flung flung wring wrung wrung,/ / / / / / / / sink sunk( sank) sunk stink stunk (stank) stunk spin spun (span) spun hang hung (hanged) hung (hanged),/ a /changed into / / + / /a/ / /n/ ride rode ridden drive drove driven write wrote written rise rose risen arise
7、 arose arisen stride strode stridden strive strove striven thrive throve thriven,/i:/ / / / / speak spoke spoken steal stole stolen freeze froze frozen break broke broken choose chose chosen / /:/ /:/ wear wore worn tear tore torn bear bore born swear swore sworn,iii) Relations between sound and gra
8、mmar.Sounds determine parts of speech desert desert insult insult record record conduct conduct content content present present close close bow bow lead lead tear tear,verb tense read read number of nounsman menb) A need in communication. i) Intonation: _Yes, Madam ? _ I want a piece of soap. _ Its
9、going to rain, isnt it ?,ii) the difference between oral language and written language, the distance between sound and transcription:Pick it up. pi i tp Think it over.You should have told us.Not at all.Did you eat yet?,c) A need for further study2.Ways to learn phonetics more practice more listening
10、 more imitations to know the basic rules (how each sound is formed, stress, linking, rhythm, pauses, intonation and etc.),3.Standard English pronunciation English: The most widely used language in the world ( one billion people speak English. 4 hundred million speak it as their first language. 6 hun
11、dred people speak it as a second or a foreign language. ) English as native language in countries: British, America, Canada, New Zealand, Ireland, South Africa, Australia English as second language in countries: China English as official language in: India, Singapore, the Philippines, Ghana English
12、as working language in the United Nations: Permanent members: UK, China, France, USA, Russia,Its pronunciation varies in different geographical areas, so it has dialects and accents, such as General American (GA), General British (GB) RP (received pronunciation): based on the London dialect, used by
13、 educated people in southern England, used by the announcers of BBC, also widely used through English-speaking countries. So, it has been accepted everywhere for the teaching of English to foreigners.,4. Basic sounds + phonetic transcription Basic sound: the smallest phonetic unit of language Eg. Se
14、a / :/ composed of 2 sounds: / + /:/The functions of basic sounds: a) distinguish word meaning Eg. Bed bad bidb) distinguish grammatical formE g. Man men work works,Basic sounds are distinctive. Any language has a vast number of speech sounds, yet basic sound are limited in number. In English there
15、are 44 basic sounds in all.,Phonetic Transcription26 English letters 44 basic sounds letters + basic sounds a) one sound spelt in different ways /:/ read sea people machine believe receive we key quayb) same spelling, different pronunciationsbough, although cough enough through broughtc) silent lett
16、ersclimb knot autumn island,d) same spelling, different meanings, different pronunciationsdesert desert lead lead bow bow tear teare) words spelt in different ways have the same pronunciationpiece peace knot not site cite sea see,5. International Phonetic AlphabetCharacteristics: each symbol represe
17、nts one sound and not any other One sound must be represented by one symbol / / 6. Two types of transcription:Broad transcription: uses a simple set of symbols just to represent the phonemes of a language without ambiguityNarrow transcription: uses symbol and diacritics to denote particular allophones of phonemes,
