1、Section The Skull颅,The skull consists of 23 bones, which may be divided into the cerebral cranium and facial cranium.,Cerebral cranium 脑颅(8) larger, upper and posterior part, contains and protects the brainSingle bones: include frontal bone 额骨, ethmoid bone 筛骨, sphenoid bone 蝶骨, occipital bone 枕骨Pai
2、red bones: include temporal bone 颞骨 parietal bone 顶骨,Bones of facial cranium 面颅(15) Single bones: mandible下颌骨, vomer 犁骨 hyoid bone舌骨Paired bones: include maxilla 上颌骨, nasal bone 鼻骨, lacrimal bone 泪骨, palatine bone 腭骨, zygomatic bone 颧骨, inferior nasal concha 下鼻甲,Frontal bone,Zygomatic bone,Nasal bon
3、e,Maxilla,Mandible,Sphenoid bone,parietal bone,Temporal bone,Occipital bone,面颅上颌为中心，上鼻泪，下下颌，外颧内甲后犁腭，舌骨颈前单落脚。,Mandible下颌骨,Body of mandible Superior border: alveolar arch 牙槽弓 Inferior border: base of mandible下颌底Outer surface: mental protuberance 颏隆凸, mental foramen 颏孔Inner surface: mental spine颏棘,Ramu
4、s: mandibular notch下颌切迹Coronoid process 冠突Condylar process 髁突head of mandible 下颌头 neck of mandible 下颌颈Mandibular foramen 下颌孔 Angle of mandible下颌角Masseteric tuberocity 咬肌粗隆,The skull as a whole 颅的整体观,Skull viewed from above (superior view)Bones: frontal, paired parietal, occipitalSutures: coronalsagi
5、ttallambdoidparietal tuber 顶结节 parietal foramen顶孔,Internal surface of the calvaria sulcus for superior sagittal sinus上矢状窦沟granular foveola 颗粒小凹 Skull viewed from behind external occipital protuberance 枕外隆凸superior nuchal line上项线,Internal view of base of skull 颅底内面观,Base of skull forms three fossae A
6、nterior cranial fossa 颅前窝Middle cranial fossa 颅中窝Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝,Anterior cranial fossa 颅前窝,Formed by orbital part of frontal bone, cribriform plate of ethmoid, and lesser wings of sphenoidStructures: crista galli 鸡冠 cribriform plate 筛板 cribriform foramina 筛孔,Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝,Str
7、uctures:body of sphenoid bone 蝶骨体 hypophysial fossa 垂体窝 optic canal 视神经管carotid sulcus 颈动脉沟 superior orbital fissure 眶上裂foramen rotundum 圆孔 foramen ovale 卵圆孔 foramen spinosum 棘孔,Meddle cranial fossa 颅中窝,sulcus for middle meningeal artery 脑膜中动脉沟foramen lacerum 破裂孔 internal opening of carotid canal 颈脉
8、管内口trigeminal impression 三叉神经压迹tegmen tympani 鼓室盖,Posterior cranial fossa 颅后窝,-foramen magnum 枕骨大孔 internal opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管内口 internal occipital protuberance 枕内隆凸sulcus for transverse sinus 横窦沟 sulcus for sigmoid sinus 乙状窦沟 jugular foramen 颈静脉孔 internal acoustic pore 内耳门,Skull inf
9、erior view 下面观,alveolar arch 牙槽弓bony palate 骨腭posterior nasal apertures 鼻后孔pterygoid process 翼突occipital condyle 枕髁external opening of hypoglossal canal 舌下神经管外口external opening of carotid canal 颈动脉管外口styloid process 茎突stylomastoid foramen 茎乳孔mandibular fossa 下颌窝articular tubercle 关节结节,Lateral view o
10、f the skull 颅侧面观,external acoustic pore 外耳门 mastoid process 乳突 zygomatic arch 颧弓 temporal fossa 颞窝 pterion 翼点pterygopalatine fossa 翼腭窝,*pterion 翼点：A small “H” shaped area among frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid bones; it is known as the weakest part of the skull and the middle meningeal a. ru
11、ns on the inner side, so it is a dangerous area.,Skull viewed from the front (anterior view)颅的前面观,Frontal region: frontal squama 额鳞 frontal tuber 额结节 superciliary arch 眉弓 glabella 眉间,Orbit 眶,pyramid-shaped paired cavitiessupraorbital notch 眶上切迹 infraorbital foramen 眶下孔optic canal 视神经管fossa for lacri
12、mal gland 泪腺窝fossa for lacrimal sac 泪囊窝infraorbital fissure 眶下裂infraorbital groove 眶下沟infraorbital canal 眶下管,Bony nasal cavity 骨性鼻腔,Roof: cribriform plate of ethmoidFloor: bony palate Lateral wall Three nasal conchae (superior, middle and inferior) 上、中、下鼻甲Nasal meatus underlying each concha (superio
13、r, middle and inferior) 上、中、下鼻道Sphenoethmoidal recess蝶筛隐窝 above superior nasal concha,Anterior piriform aperture 梨状孔Posterior posterior nasal aperture 鼻后孔 communicates with pharynx,Paranasal sinuses 鼻旁窦,Frontal sinus 额窦Lies in frontal bone, deep to superciliary archDrain to anterior part of middle m
14、eatus,Maxillary sinus 上颌窦Largest paired sinus, lie in the body of maxilla;Opening into middle nasal meatus,Ethmoidal cellules 筛窦 Lie in ethmoidal bone, contains large number of air cells, divided into anterior, middle and posterior groups.Anterior and middle groups drain into middle nasal meatus, wh
15、ile posterior group drains into superior nasal meatus.,Sphenoidal sinus 蝶窦Lies in body of sphenoid boneDrain into sphenoethmoidal recess,General characters of the skull at birth,The skull at birth is large in proportion to rest of the skeleton 1/4 (adult 1/7)The facial portion equals about 1/8 that of the cranium in size, whereas in adult it is 1/4Fontanelle 囟 Anterior fontanelle closes during middle of 2nd year.,
