1、第十一章助动词、情态动词和虚拟语气1. I have lost one of my gloves. I _ it somewhere. 【05北京春】A. must drop B. must have droppedC. must be dropping D. must have been dropped2. You _ be tired - youve only been working for an hour. 【04 全国】 A. must not B. wont C. cant D. may not3. I often see lights in that empty house. D
2、o you think I _ report it to the police? 【04 全国】A. should B. may C. will D. can4. Mr. White _ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didnt show up. 【04 全国】A. should have arrived B. should arriveC. should have had arrived D. should be arriving5.-Tom graduated from college at a very young age.-Oh, he _have b
3、een a very smart boy then. 【04 全国】A. could B. should C. might D. must6. - I dont mind telling you what I know.- You . Im not asking you for it. 【 04 江苏】A. mustnt B. may not C. cant D. neednt7. I _ pay Tracy a visit, but I am not sure whether I will have time this Sunday. 【04 浙江卷】A. should B. might C
4、. would D. could8. - Excuse me, but I want to use your computer to type a report.- You _ have my computer if you dont take care of it. 【04 湖南卷】A. shant B. might not C. neednt D. shouldnt9. No, Im afraid he isnt in. This is his secretary speaking. Can I help you?- _.【04广东卷】A. Oh, you will. B. Oh, tha
5、ts a pity. C. I should think so.D. Well, I look forward to hearing from you.10Ill tell Mary about her new job tomorrow. You_ her last week. 【04 福建卷】A ought to tell Bwould have told Cmust tell Dshould have told11Maybe you have been to many countries, but nowhere else such a beautiful palace. 【04 辽宁卷】
6、A can you find Byou could find Cyou can find Dcould you find12Mum, Ive been studying English since 8 oclock. I go out and play with Tom for a while?No, Im afraid not. Besides, its raining outside now. 【04 辽宁卷】A Cant BWouldnt CMay not DWont13. Who is the girl standing over there? Well, if you know, h
7、er name is Mabel. 【04 天津卷】A. may B. can C. must D. shall14. “The interest_ be divided into five parts, according to the agreement made by both sides,” declared the judge. 【04重庆卷】A. may B. should C. must D. shall15. Children under 12 years of age in that country _ be under adult supervision when in a
8、 public library. 【04 上海卷】A. must B. may C. can D. need16. - Isnt that Anns husband over there? - No, it _ be him. Im sure he doesnt wear glasses. 【04 全国】A. cant B. must not C. wont D. may not17. A left luggage office is a place where bags be left for a short time, especially at a railway station. 【N
9、MET2003 】Ashould Bcan Cmust Dwill18How you say that you really understand the whole story if you have covered only part of the article ? 【2003上海】A can Bmust Cneed Dmay 19. Is John coming by train? 【NMET2002】 He should, but he _not. He likes driving his car.A. must B. can C. need D. may20.It has been
10、 announced that candidates_remain in their seats until all the papers have been collected. 【2002上海】A. can B. will C. may D. shall21.It is hard for me to imagine what I would be doing today if I in love, at the age of seven, with the Melinda Cox Library in my hometown. 【2002上海】A. wouldnt have fallen
11、B. had not fallen C. should fall D. were to fall22.I was really anxious about you. You _ home without a word. 【NMET2001】A. mustnt leave B. shouldnt have leftC. couldnt have left D. neednt leave23. - Are you coming to Jeffs party? 【NMET2000】- Im not sure . I _go to the concert instead.Amust Bwould Cs
12、hould Dmight24. Will you stay for lunch? 【NMET1999 】Sorry, _. My brother is coming to see me.A. I mustnt B.I cant C. I neednt D.I wont25. -I stayed at a hotel while in New York. 【NMET1998】-Oh, did you? You_ with Barbara.A. could have stayed B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stayed26. -When ca
13、n I come for the photos? I need them tomorrow afternoon.- They _be ready by 12:00. 【NMET1998】A. can B. should C. might D. need27. The fire spread through the hotel very quickly but everyone_ get out. 【NMET1997】 A. had to B. would C. could D. was able to28. Johnny, you play with the knife, You _ hurt
14、 yourself. 【NMET1996 】A. wont; cant B. mustnt; may C. shouldnt; must D. cant; shouldnt29. You didnt let me drive. If we in turn, you so tired. 【NMET1996】A. drove, didnt get B. drove; wouldnt getC. were driving; wouldnt get D. had driven; wouldnt have got30. When a pencil is partly in a glass of wate
15、r, it looks as if it . 【NMET1995】A. breaks B. has broken C. were broken D. had been broken31. -There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well. -It a comfortable journey. 【NMET1995】A. cant be B. shouldnt be C. mustnt have been D. couldnt have been32. Its nearly seven oc
16、lock. Jack _be here at any moment. 【NMET1995 】A. must B. need C. should D. can33. Shall I tell John about it? 【MET1994】 No, you _ . Ive told him already.A. neednt B. wouldnt C. mustnt D. shouldnt34. I told Sally how to get here, but perhaps I _ for her. 【MET1994】 A. had to write it out B. must have
17、written it out C. should have written it out D. ought to write it out35. I didnt see your sister at the meeting. If she _ , she would have met mybrother. 【MET1994】A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come【答案与解析】1. B 该题考查情态动词的用法。根据 I have lost one of my gloves.得知是对过去事实的肯定推测,所以用 must have done。句意:我丢
18、了一只手套,我肯定是在某处掉了。2. C 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。后面说才干了一个小时,因此是不可能累。表示可能性的否定句用 cant。句意:你不可能累,你只干了一个小时。3. A 该题考查交际情景中情态动词的用法。should 在此表示责任或义务,意为:必须,应该。句意:我经常看见那座空房子里有灯光。你认为我该报告警察吗?4. A 该题考查交际情景中情态动词的用法。关键词 he didnt show up,表明怀特先生该来而没来。选 A. should have arrived 表示该做但未做。句意:怀特先生应该 8:30 开会;但是他还没露面。5. B 该题根据交际情景考查情态
19、动词的用法。第一句话:汤姆年龄很小就大学毕业。第二句话:啊,他肯定是个很聪明的孩子。根据第一句话得知第二句话是一个对过去事实的肯定的推测因此选择 D. must。6D 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。该题的关键是 Im not asking you for it.既然没问,就没必要说。因此选择 D。句意:“我不介意告诉你我知道的一切。 ”“你没必要。我没问你这件事。 ” 7. A 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。根据 but 后面的句子“我不敢肯定本周日是否有时间” ,说明前面是应该去,故选 A。句意:我该去拜访特蕾西,但是我不敢肯定本周日我是否有时间。8.A 该题考查情态动词的用法。
20、shall 用于陈述句第二、三人称, 表示说话者的意图、警告、命令、决心等, 主语的行动受讲话者支配。句意:“对不起,我想用一下你的电脑打份报告。 ”“如果你不小心使用的话,你不得使用我的电脑。 ”9. C 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词。should 用于第一人称时表示某种条件下会产生的结果,意为:该。句意:“ 不,恐怕他不在。我是他的秘书,你需要帮忙么?”“ 我想该这样。 ”10D 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。 should/ought to have done 表示该做而未做的事。句意:“我明天要告诉玛丽有关她的新工作的事。 ”“你应该上周告诉她。 ”11A 该题根据交际情景考查倒
21、装句的用法。Nowhere 是否定副词放句首,要求主语谓语借助于助动词倒装。该题表示现在的时态,故选 A。句意:可能你去过很多国家,但是你再也找不到如此美的地方。12A 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。据题意,此处是表示请求允许,故选 A。句意:“妈妈,我从 8 点就学英语。我难道不能出去和汤姆玩一会吗?”“ 是的,恐怕不行。还有,现在外面正下雨呢。 ”13. C 该题根据交际情景考查情态动词的用法。据题意和说话者的不耐烦的语气得知应当选 C. must表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦,意为:偏要 。句意:“ 站在那里的姑娘是谁?”“啊,如果你偏要知道,她名叫梅布尔。 ”14. D 该题是根据
22、交际情景考查情态动词的用法。shall 用于第三人称, 在条约、规定、法令等文件中表示义务或规定,意为:应, 必须。句意:法官宣布:“根据双方达成的协议,息金应当分成五份。”15. A 考查情态动词的用法。must“ 表示职责或义务上的要求 ”,意为:必须,应当。句意:“在那个国家,12 岁以下的孩子在图书馆必须在成年人的监护之下。 ”16. A 该题是考查情态动词的用法。根据交际情景此处是表示可能性,用于否定句中一般用 cant。句意:“难道那个安的丈夫不在那里?”“不,不可能是他。我肯定他不戴眼镜。 ”17. B 该题考查在特定语言环境中情态动词的用法。据题意:行李寄存处特别是在火车站短时
23、间存放包的地方。该题中情态动词 can 表示许可,should 意为:应该;must 表示必须;will 表示意愿。故选 B。18.A 考查情态动词的用法, Can 在此句中是用来表示某种不满的情绪,意思为“你怎么能够说”句意:如果你只读了这篇文章的一部分,你怎么能说你真正理解了整个故事呢?19. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。 “He likes driving his car.”是题目的关键,由此可推知他有可能不乘坐火车,may 表示可能,符合原句的上下文意思。20.D 考查情态动词的用法。shall 用于二、三人称,要重读,不可缩写,表示意图、意志、允诺、命令或必然结果等。意为:必须,应,
24、可。句意:据宣布,考生在收卷前必须坐在自己的座位上。21.B 考查虚拟语气,在宾语从句是一个含有条件状语从句的主从复合句,其中主句叙述的是与现在事实相反的假设,从句则表示的是与过去事实相反的假设,因此 B 为正确答案。句意:如果我不在七岁的时候就迷恋上我们家乡的 he Melinda Cox 图书馆,我真不能想象我今天会做什么。22. B 该题考查与情态动词 shouldnt have done 的用法。shouldnt have done 表示不该做而做了。从句意判断你不该一句话不说就走了,故选 shouldnt have done 结构。couldnt have left 意为:不可能离开
25、。题意:你真急死我了。你不该一句话也不说就离开家。23. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。应答语中的 Im not sure. (我不能肯定),决定了下句不是很确定的推测,因此用 might 意思为:“可能,也许” 。must (must+be/have 等表示状态的动词)语气最强,意为“ 一定,想必,准是” 。should 接近 ought to,意为:“ 应该会,想必会”,推断往往是对别人或别的事进行的。句意:“你来参加 Jeff 的聚会吗?”“ 我不敢肯定,我可能去参加音乐会。 ”24. B 该题考查情态动词的用法。据题意:“你留下来吃午饭好吗?”“对不起,我不能(留下来吃午饭) ,我兄弟要
26、来看我。 ”该题的关键是: My brother is coming to see me.据此应用 I cant 用来表示“不能”。mustnt 表示禁止, neednt 意思是没必要, wont 将不,虽然用 Will 来提问,据题意不能用 wont 来回答。25. A 该题考查情态动词不定式完成时的用法。情态动词不定式完成时表示对过去发生的事的 猜测和判断。对话双方一位说在纽约时住旅社,另一位听了颇感吃惊(Oh, did you?)说, “你本可住 Barbara 处”,而他没有住那儿,这要用“could+完成式不定式” 来表示。句意:“我在纽约住在一家旅馆。 ”“是吗?你本可与巴巴拉住在
27、一起的。 ”26. B 该题考查情态动词的用法,问句中顾客发出询问,问什么时候能取照片,明天要用。回答时A、 B、C 项似均可。但 A 项过于直白肯定,没留退路; C 项作答案不妥,might 表示可能性用于现在时,表示对所推断的事情把握不大,本句中若使用 might, 会使顾客很失望。选 B 项should,表示大致的推测,既回答了顾客的询问,不失礼貌,又为照片有可能尚未洗好,为顾客到时取不到留下回旋的余地。用词经过仔细推敲体现了店主的精明。句意:“我什么时候能取照片?明天 12 点前要用。 ”“明天 12 点前应该能冲好。 ”27. D 该题考查情态动词的用法。句中连接词 but 表示转折
28、,由此推理“大火虽然蔓延很快,大家还是逃了出来。 ”,空白处为 was able to,在肯定句中当某人具有某种能力而又使用了这种能力成功地做了某事用 was/were able to 而不用 could。句意:“虽然大火蔓延很快,使旅馆烧起来,但大家还是逃了出来”。28.B 该题考查情态动词的用法。第一个空格处填 mustnt 用于表达“制止”、 “禁止”的口吻;第二个空格处用 may 表示“ 推测” ,意思是“你可能会伤了自己”。句意: “杰克,你不许拿这刀子玩,那会伤着你。 ”29.D 该题考查与过去相反的虚假条件句的用法。从 You didnt let me drive.可以看出是对过
29、去的描述,根据与过去相反的虚假条件句结构,条件状语从句应用过去完成时态,主句中用 would/should/might/could have done 的结构。故选 D。句意:你没让我开车。如果我们轮流驾驶,你就不会感到这样疲劳了。30. C 该题考查由 as if 引导的让步状语从句和被动语态的用法。由 as if 引导的让步状语从句的谓语动词应用虚拟语气,与现在相反的情况用过去时态;与过去相反的情况用过去完成时态。第一句话用了一般现在时态,因此 as if 引导的让步状语从句的谓语动词应用过去时态, pencil 是 break 动作的承受者应用被动语态。句意:当你把一支铅笔的部分放在玻璃
30、杯中,看上去她似乎是折断的。31.D 该题考查情态动词的时态及其辨析。从第一句用了过去时态来判断,这是表示对过去事实的推测。 “情态动词不定式完成式” 用来表示对“过去已发生行为”的推测。在否定句中,用 cant 或couldnt have done,所以本题正确答案为 D。句意:“车上本来已经有五人,但他们还是设法把我也带上.” “那次旅行不可能舒服”。32.C 该题考查情态动词的用法。根据关键词 at any moment 可判断此题情态动词应表示, “可能性、推测、推论” ,惟 should 可表示“ 推论”,译为“可能, 该”,所以选 C。题意:“现在快要七点了,杰克随时会到。33.A
31、 该题考查情态动词的用法。根据“Ive told him already”,所提供的信息来判断,没必要告诉约翰这件事了,应选 neednt,neednt have done 表示没必要做而做了。句意: “咱们把这件事告诉 John 怎么样?” “你不必了。我已经把这件事告诉他了。 ”34. C 该题考查与情态动词 should have done 的用法。从句意判断本应给她写出来而没给她写,故用 should have done 结构。句意:我和萨丽说了怎样来这里,或许我应该给她写清楚。35. D 该题考查与过去相反的虚假条件句的用法。从 I didnt see your sister 可以看
32、出是对过去的描述,根据与过去相反的虚假条件句结构,应用过去完成时态。句意:我在会上没看见你姐姐。如果她来了,他会见到我弟弟的。第二节 考点归纳不同的时态(一般式、进形式、完成式、将来式) ,不同的语态(主动、被动) ,不同的语气(祈使、陈述、虚拟) ,不同的结构(肯定、否定、疑问) ,以及说话者本身的态度或刊发(命令、请求、愿望、可能等) ,所有这些都要借助于助动词和情态动词表达出来。助动词一般没有词意,不能单独作谓语动词,除非省略句中。他们只参加时态、语态、语气或否定、疑问结构。情态动词有词义,可以用来表示说话者的语气和态度。主要的助动词和情态动词如下表:助动词 情态动词be(am, is,
33、 are, was, were, being, been) can, could, be able tohave(has, had , having) may mightshall, will(should, would) shall, should, (ought to)will, would do (does, did) dare, need, must一、助动词助动词的主要用法助动词一般没有词意,不能单独作谓语动词。其作用在于帮助构成各种时态、语态、否定、疑问等。(一)助动词 be(am, is, are, was, were, being, been)的用法1、 be 后跟现在分词构成
34、进行时态。Who is playing the violin?谁在拉小提琴?2、be 后跟过去分词构成被动语态。He was asked to do the work. 有人要他干这件工作。3、be 后跟不定式作谓语,有如下几种情况:表示计划、安排将要发生的事;表示指示、命令,否定式表禁止;表示义务、责任等,同 should;用来表示命运或注定等。Im to have supper with John this afternoon. 今天下午我要与约翰一起吃晚饭。You are not to enter the room without permission. 未经允许你不能进入房间。What
35、 is to be done?该干什么。He was to regret the decision.他有一天会后悔做出这一决定的。(二)助动词 have(has, had, having)的用法1、助动词 have 可以构成完成时或完成进行时He has been a doctor for 10 years. 他当医生十年了。2、和不定式构成谓语,表示客观上不得不做的事情。-Do we missed the train?我们得立刻工作吗?-No. We dont have to. 不,不必了。3、do(does, did) 的用法(1)构成疑问句或否定句How did you know abo
36、ut it?你是怎样知道这件事的。He does not smoke. 他不抽烟。(2)用于肯定句中加强语气,意为:真的、确实、务必。He did tell that. 他的确告诉了此事。Do come and see us. 一定来看我们。(3)代替前面刚出现的动词,避免重复。-You like popular music, dont you?你喜欢流行音乐,是吧?-Yes , I do. 是的,我喜欢。He speaks French as fluently as she does. 他讲法语和她讲的一样流利。(4)用于倒装句中。Never did he pay attention to
37、my words. 他从不注意我的话。Only then did I understand the importance of English. 只是那时,我才了解到英语的重要。(5)构成否定的祈使句。Dont be so careless. 不要那么粗心。Dont you do that again.以后不要再做那样的事。4、shall(should) 和 will(would) 的用法(1)shall(should) 用于第一人称的将来时中,单纯表示将来I shall think it over. 我要好好考虑一下。I rang up to tell her that I should l
38、eave for London. 我打电话告诉她我要去伦敦。(2)will 只用于第二、第三人称的将来时态中You will have an English test tomorrow. 明天你有英语小测验。He wanted to know when you would finish the writing. 他想知道你何时完成写作。二、情态动词情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度,认为“可能、应当、必要” 等等,但本身意义不完全,不能单独作谓语,必须和其他动词一起构成谓语。除 ought, used, have 后跟不定式外,其他情态动词一律跟动词原形。情态动词主要有:can/coul
39、d, may/might, must, ought to, used to, need, dare, shall/should, will/would, have to 等。(一)情态动词的特征(1)没有人称和数的变化。(2)大部分情态动词有过去式:(3)少部分情态动词没过去式或者说过去式与原形相,used to 只有过去式形式。(4)大多数情态动词后面还可跟动词的进行时、完成时和被动式形式:(二)情态动词表示可能与推测教你巧学巧记:巧记表“推测”的情态动词用法表“推测”时,情态动词可用 can,could,may,might,must。must 表“ 一定”,只用于肯定句,其否情态动词 肯定
40、式 否定式 疑问式must 必定、必然 / /will 很可能、大概 不会、不该 会吗?would 可能性比 will 小 语气比 wont 弱 语气比 will 弱should 确定或可能有的或期待 / /ought to 总应该、理应(含义同 should) / /can / 不可能 有可能吗?could 可以的可能 不可能 语气比 can 弱may 或许、也许、也未可知、也说不定 可能不 /might 比 may 弱 比 may not 弱 /定形式要用 cant;may(might)表“或许”,可能性较小,不用于疑问句;can 表“可能” ,不用于肯定句。为方便记忆,可用一句话来记忆,
41、即:肯(can)不肯?妹(may)不问,妈妈(must)肯定不否问。“肯 (can)不肯”即 can 不用于肯定句;“ 妹(may) 不问” 即 may 不用于疑问句;“妈妈(must)肯定不否问” 即 must 只用于肯定句 ,而不用于否定句和疑问句中。(三) “情态动词 +have done”用法一览表情态动词+have done用法 例句must have done 表示对过去动作的肯定推测,意为:可能、一定“,用于肯定的陈述句中。I have not seen him for quite a long time. He must have been very busy.我很久没见他了,
42、他一定很忙。can have done 用于对过去动作的推测,表示“可能“ ,常用于否定句和疑问句She cant have gone to work. Its Sunday.她不可能去上班,今天是星期日。She is two hours late. What can have happened?她已经晚了两个小时,可能会发生什么事情呢?could have done表示对过去动作的推测,否定句和疑问句,作用和 can have done 相同,但表达的可能性较小或说话人更加不肯定。用于肯定句中,表示过去没有实现的可能性,表示遗憾,意为:“本来可以 ”You could have come h
43、ere a little earlier.你本来可以早一点到这里来的。You could have used my car. I didnt use it all the morning.你该用我的车,我一早晨没用。may have done may have done 用于对过去动作的推测,表示 “或许 ;可能“,多用于肯定句和否定句。She is late. She may have missed the bus.她迟到了,她可能没赶上车。might have done 表示程度上比 may 更小的可能性。可以用于疑问句中。也可以表示“本应该做某事” 含有轻微的责备语气。He might
44、have arrived home by now. Lets ring him up again.现在他可能已经到家了,我们再给他打一次电话吧。You might have been more careful.你本来可以多加小心的。should have done 肯定形式表示“过去应该做的事而没有做“,其否定形式表示 “过去不该做的事却做了“,含有批评的意思。I shouldnt have ordered the equipment without asking you first.我不该预先不请示你就订购了设备。ought to have done肯定形式表示“过去应该做的事而没有做“,其
45、否定形式表示 “过去不该做的事却做了“,含有批评的意思。You ought to have paid more attention to your lessons.你本应该多注意自己的功课的。She ought not to have kept us waiting so long.她不应该让我们等那么长时间。neednt have done表示 “本来不必做的事却做了“You neednt have told that to him.你本来没有必要把那事告诉他。(实际却告诉了 )had better have done用于时候的建议,含轻微责备的口气,意为:当时最好做了某事,其否定式表达意义
46、相反I would rather have started earlier. Youd better not have scold her.would rather have done表示“当时宁愿做了某事 ” 其否定式表达意义相反I would rather have taken her advice.(三)情态动词表示某一特定的语气1、can 用于否定句、疑问句和感叹句中,表惊异怀疑、不相信等态度。Where can they be now?他们现在能在哪儿呢?What can he mean?他会是什么意思?2、must 表示与说话人愿望相反及不耐烦,意为:偏要。 Why must it rain on Sunday? 偏要在星期天下雨, 讨厌!3、may 表祝愿(不能用 might) 。May all our dreams come true.愿我们梦想成真。May that day come soon. 愿这一天早日到来。4、should 与 why, who, how 等连用, 表示说话人对某事不理解、感到意外、惊异等意思,意为:竟会。Why should you be so late today?你今天怎么来的这么晚?I dont know why you should think that I did it. 我真不明白你凭什么认为这件事使我干的。