1、初三英语语法总结1.不定代词（some any,all both,either neither,no none,each every,many much,few little 的区别与联系） 不定代词包括: all ,both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev both, every, each, either, neither, more, little, few, much, many, another, other, some, any , one, no 以及 some, something, anything, everything, somebody,
2、someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等. 2.不定代词用法为:(重要考点) 不定代词+(of +限定词)+名词 注意:of 后一定要有限定词!这是 both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev 托福语法中的both,either,neither,any,all,none,ev 重要考点 both, all 可以直接接限定词 the! 3.all 与 both 的用法 1) all 都,指三者以上 both,either,neither,any,all
3、,none,ev.both 都,指两者 2) all 的主谓一致 :all 的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定. both 与复数动词连用,但 bothand可与单数名词连用与 . All goes well.一切进展得很好. 3) all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如: 不说 all the book,而说 the whole book. 但 all 可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year;但习惯上不说 all hour,all century. all 还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the c
4、ity,all my life,all the way. 4)both, all 都可作同位语,其位置在行为动词前,be 动词之后.如果助动词或情态动词后面的实义动词省去,则位于助动词或情态动词之前. Who can speak Japanese We both (all) can. 5) all/any/none all (所有的,全部的人或物 ),any (任何一个),none ( 都不).以上词使用范围为三者以上. All the flowers are gone.所有的花都谢了. I dont like any of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢. I like none
5、of the flowers.这些花我都不喜欢 . 注意:all 与 none 用法一样.跟单数名词 ,用单数动词; 跟复数名词,用复数动词. All of the students are there.所有的学生都在那. All (of) the milk is there.所有的牛奶都在那. 3.every 和 each 的用法(重要考点) 1)every 强调全体的概念 ,each 强调个体概念. Every student in our school works hard.我们学校的学生都很用功 . Each student may have one book.每个学生都可有一本书.
6、2)every 指三个以上的人或物( 含三个),each 指两个以上的人或物(含两个). 3)every 只作形容词 ,不可单独使用.each 可作代词或形容词 . Every student has to take one. Each boy has to take one. Each of the boys has to take one. 4)every 不可以作状语 ,each 可作状语. 5)every 有反复重复的意思 ,如 every two weeks 等;each 没有 . 6)every 与 not 连用,表示部分否定;each 和 not 连用表示全部否定 . Every
7、 man is not honest.并非每个人都诚实. Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实. 4.neither 与 nor 的用法 1)如前句是否定式从句,则主句用 neither,而不用 nor. If you dont do it,neither should I.如果你不干,我也不干. 2)如后连续有几个否定句式,则用 nor,不用 neither. He cant sing,nor dance,nor skate. 5.代词比较 one,that 和 it(重要考点) 1)one 表示泛指,that 和 it 表示特指.that 与所指名词为同类 ,但
8、不是同一个,而 it 与所指名词为同一个. I cant find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了.我想我该去买一顶. The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个)你买的那顶帽子比我买的大. I cant find my hat. I don t know where I put it.(同一物) 我找不到我的帽子.我不知道我把它放在哪了 6.one/another/the other 的用法 onethe other 只有两个 somethe others 有三个以
9、上 oneanother,another someothers,others others = other people/things the others = the rest 剩余的全部 1)泛指另一个用 another. 2)一定范围内两人(物), 一个用 one,另一个用 the other. 3)一定范围内三者,一个用 one,另一个用 one (another),第三个可用 the other,a third. 4)一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用 the others. 5)泛指别的人或物时,用 others 当在一定范围内,除去一部分后 ,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用o
10、thers. 7.anyone/any one;no one/none 的用法 1) anyone 和 any one anyone 仅指人,any one 既可指人 ,也可指物. 2) no one 和 none a)none 后跟 of 短语,既可指人又可指物,而 no one 只单独使用,只指人. b)none 作主语 ,谓语动词用单,复数均可,而 no one 作主语谓语动词只能是单数 . None of you could lift it.你们中没有人可举起它. - Did any one call me up just now -刚才有人打电话给我吗 - No one.-没有. 8
11、. few, little, a few, a little 的用法 1)(a) few +可数名词, (a) little +不可数名词 2)a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点 3)few / little 为否定含义,没有多少了. He has a few friends.他有几个朋友. He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友. We still have a little time.我们还有点时间. There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了. 4)固定搭配: only a few (=few)not a few (=man
12、y)quite a few (=many) many a (=many) Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书. 9many, much 的用法 Many,much 都意为 “许多“,many +可数名词,much +不可数名词. How many people are there at the meeting How much time has we left Many of the workers were at the meeting. Much of the time was spent on learning 2.时态
13、、 一般现在时： 1.概念：经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。 2.时间状语： always, usually, often, sometimes, every week (day, year, month), once a week, on Sundays, 3.基本结构：动词 原形 （如主语为第三人称单数，动词上要改为第三人称单数形式） 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词，则在其前加 dont,如主语为第三人称单数，则用 doesnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首；用助动词 do 提问，如主语为第三人称单数，则用d
14、oes，同时，还原行为动词。 6.例句：. It seldom snows here. He is always ready to help others. Action speaks louder than words. 二、 一般过去时： 1.概念：过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态；过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。 2.时间状语：ago, yesterday, the day before yesterday, last week,last(year, night, month), in 1989, just now, at the age of 5, one day, long long
15、ago, once upon a time, etc. 3.基本结构：be 动词；行为动词 的过去式 4.否定形式：was/were+not;在行为动词前加 didnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：was 或 were 放于句首；用助动词 do 的过去式 did 提问，同时还原行为动词。6.例句：She often came to help us in those days. I didnt know you were so busy. 三、 现在进行时： 1.概念：表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。 2.时间状语：now, at this time, these days, e
16、tc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are+doing 4.否定形式：am/is/are+not+doing. 5.一般疑问句：把 be 动词放于句首。 6.例句： How are you feeling today? He is doing well in his lessons. 四、 过去进行时： 1.概念：表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。 2.时间状语：at this time yesterday, at that time 或以 when 引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。 3.基本结构：was/were+doing 4.否定形式：was/were + no
17、t + doing. 5.一般疑问句：把 was 或 were 放于句首。 6.例句：At that time she was working in a PLA unit. When he came in, I was reading a newspaper. 五、 现在完成时： 1.概念：过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或从过去已经开始，持续到现在的动作或状态。 2.时间状语：recently, lately, sincefor,in the past few years, etc. 3.基本结构：have/has + done 4.否定形式：have/has + not +
18、done. 5.一般疑问句：have 或 has。 6.例句：Ive written an article. The countryside has changed a lot in the past few years. 六、 过去完成时： 1.概念：以过去某个时间为标准，在此以前发生的动作或行为，或在过去某动作之前完成的行为，即“过去的过去” 。 2.时间状语：before, by the end of last year(term, month),etc. 3.基本结构：had + done. 4.否定形式：had + not + done. 5.一般疑问句：had 放于句首。 6.例句
19、：As soon as we got to the station, the train had left. By the end of last month. We had reviewed four books 七、 一般将来时： 1.概念：表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。 2.时间状语：tomorrow, next day(week, month, year),soon, in a few minutes, by,the day after tomorrow, etc. 3.基本结构：am/is/are/going to + do；will/shall + do.
20、 4.否定形式：was/were + not; 在行为动词前加 didnt，同时还原行为动词。 5.一般疑问句：be 放于句首；will/shall 提到句首。 6.例句：They are going to have a competition with us in studies. It is going to rain. 八、 过去将来时： 1.概念：立足于过去某一时刻，从过去看将来，常用于宾语从句中。 2.时间状语：the next day(morning, year),the following month(week),etc. 3.基本结构：was/were/going to + d
21、o；would/should + do. 4.否定形式：was/were/not + going to + do;would/should + not + do. 5.一般疑问句：was 或 were 放于句首；would/should 提到句首。 6.例句：He said he would go to Beijing the next day. I asked who was going there . 九.将来完成时： 1.概念：在将来某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态 2.时间状语：by the time of;by the end of+时间短语（将来）;by the time+ 从句（将来
22、） 3.基本结构：be going to/will/shall + have done 十.现在完成进行时: 1.概念：在过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直持续到说话为止 2.基本结构：have/has +been+doing 几种常见时态的相互转换 英语中的几种时态在一定情况下可以互相转换，以下是几种常见的转换形式： 十一、 一般过去时与现在完成时的转换 在现在完成时中，延续性动词能与表示一段时间的状语连用，瞬间动词却不能。但是，可用别的表达方式：瞬间动词用于“一段时间 + ago”的一般过去时的句型中；瞬间动词可改成与之相对应的延续性动词及短语，与一段时间连用；瞬间动词用于“It is
23、+ 一段时间 + since + 一般过去时”的句型中，表示“自从以来有时间”的意思，主句一般用 it is 来代替 It has been;瞬间动词用于“Some time has passed since + 一般过去时”的句型中。请看： A. He joined the League two years ago. B. He has been in the League for two years. C. It is two years since he joined the League. D. Two years has passed since he joined the Leag
24、ue. 十二、 一般现在时与现在进行时的转换 在一般现在时中，at 加上名词表示“处于某种状态” ，如 at work（在工作）, at school（上学、上课）等。此短语可与进行时态转换。请看： Peter is at work, but Mike is at play. Peter is working, but Mike is playing. 十三、 现在进行时与一般将来时的转换 在现在进行时态中 go, come, leave, start, arrive 等动词常与表示将来的时间状语连用表示将要发生的动作。如：I am coming, Mum! 意为“我就来，妈妈！”请看： Th
25、e train is leaving soon. The train will leave soon.3.宾语从句（3 种）宾语从句是英语复合句中的其中非常重要的从句之一。它是用一个句子做另一个句子的宾语，将这个句子叫做宾语从句。宾语从句做介词或及物动词的宾语。现在从下列三个方面总结归纳如下：一，引导词A,由 that 引导的陈述句性的宾语从句，在很多动词如 say, think, wish , hope, see, believe, agree, expect, hear , feel 等动词后。连词 that 只起连接作用，在从句中不做句子的成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略，但在大多数
26、情况下还是以不省为好，特别是在笔语中。例：I told him that he was wrong.l 在 think, believe, suppose, expect 等动词引起的宾语从句中，有时谓语尽管是否定意义，却不用否定形式，而将 think 等动词变为否定形式。例：I dont think you are right. ( 我认为你做的不对)l 在许多带有复合宾语的句子中， that 引导的宾语从句经常移到句子的后面，而用 it做形式宾语。例：We think it wrong that he told a lie to everyone (我认为他向每一个人撒谎是错误的)B,由连
27、词 if、 whether 引导的表示“是否”的宾语从句。Whether, if 在从句中不做句子的成分，一般情况下，whether 和 if 可以替换。例：I dont know if/whether he will come tomorrow.The teacher asked if/whether we had finished the experiment.l 在介词后面的宾语从句中不用 if 引导例：Everything depends on whether we have enough money。l 宾语从句中有 or not 时不用 if 引导.例：I dont know wh
28、ether the movie star will come or not.l 和不定式连用作宾语时不用 if 引导.例：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.C,由 wh-引导的宾语从句。连接代词 who,whom,whose, what, which,和连接副词 when, where, why, how 等连接的宾语从句，它们在句中即有连接从句的作用，又在句中充当句子的成分。例：Do you know which film they are talking about? (which 做定语)I dont know where he lives. (where 做地点状语)二，宾语从句的语序，宾语从句从句的语序必须是陈述语序，既连接词+主语+谓语+其他成分例：I believe that they will come soon.He asked me whether I was a teacher.
