1、Francis Bacon: “Of Studies”,Important Baconian ideas:,Reliance on the evidence of the senses and instruments (e.g. telescope, microscope);Progress through technology;Technological transformation of nature to make it useful to humanity: relief of mans estate (AL);State Institutions of science: instit
2、utes, centralization, technocratic expertise (N.B. no democratization of knowledge!),Bacons Life,Son of an important official in the government of Elizabeth I and a very well-educated motherStudied law, became a barrister and entered House of Commons, legal advisor to Elizabeth I (reigned until 1603
3、)Attorney General and Lord Chancellor under James I (starting 1613); forced out of office in 1621Bacon retired to his estate to write and studyTried to convince Elizabeth I and James I to embrace natural philosophy as statecraft: advancement of learning advances the state,Bacons Major Works,1594: Es
4、says1605: Advancement of Learning: blueprint for how to improve learning in the realm (natural philosophy = statecraft)1620: Great Instauration (or Renewal) andNovum Organon (cf. Organon of Aristotle)New Atlantis (posthumous): blueprint for state scientific institutions and their goals,Three functio
5、ns of reading and where they are properly applied: Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 读书可供消遣，可供装饰，也可以增长才干 Their chief use for delight, is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse;and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business. 为消遣而读书，常见于独处退居之
6、时；为装饰而读书用于高谈阔论之中；为增长才干而读书，主要在于对事物的判断和处理。,Three inappropriate ways of study: To spend too much time in studies is sloth; to use them too much for ornament, is affectation; to make judgment wholly by their rules, is the humour of a scholar.读书费时太多是怠惰；过分的藻饰装璜是矫情；全按书本条文而断事是十足的学究气。 Analysis of the importa
7、nce of study and the defects: They perfect nature, and are perfected by experience: for natural abilities are like natural plants, that need proning by study; and studies themselves do give forth directions too much at large, except they be bounded in by experience.读书使天然得以完善，又需靠经验以补其不足，因为天生的才能犹如天然的树
8、木，要靠后来的学习来修剪整枝，而书本上的道理如不用经验加以制约，往往是泛泛而不着边际的。,Three different attitudes towards reading: Crafty men contemn studies, simple men admire them, and wise men use them; for they teach not their own use; 有技艺者鄙视学问，无知识者羡慕学问，唯有明智之士善用学问。How to study?but that is a wisdom without them, and above them, won by obs
9、ervation. Read not to contradict and confute; nor to believe and take for granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. 然而学问本身不会教给人们它的用途；致用于道在于书外，超乎书上，只有细心观察才能获得。 读书不可专为反驳作者而争辩，也不可轻易相信书中所言，以为当然如此，也不是为了寻找谈话资料，而应当权衡轻重，认真思考。,Essence of the whole essay: methods of reading:Some book
10、s are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested; (explanation) that is, some books are to be read only in parts; others to be read, but not curiously; and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. 有些书浅尝即可，另一些不妨吞咽，少数书则须咀嚼消化。这就是说，有的书只要读其中一些部分，有的可以
11、大致浏览，少数则须通读，读时要全神贯注，勤奋不懈。 Other means of reading for other books:Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books; else distilled books are, like common distilled waters, flashy things.有些书
12、也可请人代读，取其所需作摘要，但这只限于题材不大重要和质量不高的作品。否则，提炼过的书就象一般蒸馏过的水，变得谈而无味了。,Comparison and contrast:Reading maketh a full man; conference a ready man; and writing an exact man. And therefore, if a man write little, he had need have a great memory; if he confer little, he had need have a present wit; and if he rea
13、d little, he had need have much cunning, to seem to know that he doth not.读书使人充实，讨论使人机敏，笔记使人准确。因此，不常动笔的人必须具有很强的记忆力，不常讨论的人必须具有随机应变的捷才，不多读书的人必须十分巧狡黠，才能假装知道他所不知道的事物。Different reading materials can develop different parts of our minds functions: Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subt
14、ile; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Abeunt studia in morse. 读史使人明智，读诗使人聪慧，数学使人精密，哲理使人深刻，伦理学使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。总之，凡有所学，皆成性格。,Analogy:Nay there is no stand or impediment in the wit, but may be wrought out by fit studies: like as diseases of the body may have appro
15、priate exercises. Bowling is good for the stone and reins; shooting for the lungs and breast; gentle walking for the stomach; riding for the head; and the like. 不仅如此，人们才智上遇到的障碍或缺陷，没有不能通过适当的学问予以疏通或弥补的。(:) 正如入体百病，皆可借适宜的运动来消除一样。保龄球利于睾肾，射箭利于胸肺，散步有助于肠胃消化，骑马有助于头脑灵敏，如此等等。,Reading as a remedy for the defect
16、s of the mind:So if a mans wit be wandering, let him study the mathematics; for indemonstrations, if his wit be called away never so little, he must begin again.If his wit be not apt to distinguish or find differences, let him study the schoolmen; for they are cymini sectores.If he be not apt to beat over matters, and to call up one thing to prove and illustrate another, let him study the lawyers cases.So every defect of the mind may have a special receipt.同理，如思想散漫而不集中，可让他读数学，因在演算时，稍不经心就会出错，就要重新开始。缺乏辩别能力的人，可让他研习经院哲学，因为那些都是吹毛求疵的繁琐学派。不善于推理或引一事阐证他事的人，可让他研习律师的案例。如此，头脑上的每种缺陷，都有特效的治疗方法。,
