1、Unit 8,World Religion世界三大宗教概述,宗教这个词在中国出现首先源自印度佛教。佛教以佛陀所说为教，以佛弟子所说为宗，宗为教的分派，合称宗教，意指佛教的教理。西方文化的宗教religion是从拉丁词“re”和“legere”演变来的，意思是“再”和“聚集”，就是一群人为了一个目的聚集在一起的意思，发展到有同一信仰，同一信念，为了这一信仰而到了不畏生死的地步。 值得注意的是，在中文中，宗教这个词，与英文的religous beliefs的含义本来并不对等。本来在中文中的宗教，是佛教的术语，并不是现在的内涵和外延。比如历史上，中国的道教，即不用这个名词来称呼。宗教这个词用来泛指所
2、有宗教信仰乃是由翻译造成的词义变化。,宗教一词的来源,宗教概述,宗教是人类社会发展到一定历史阶段出现的一种文化现象，属于意识形态。主要特点为，相信现实世界之外存着超自然的神秘力量或实体，该神秘统摄万物而拥有绝对权威、主宰自然进化、决定人世命运，从而使人对该一神秘产生敬畏及崇拜，并从而引申出信仰认知及仪式活动。在人类早期社会中，宗教承担了对世界的解释、司法审判、道德培养和心理安慰等功能。现代社会中，科学和司法已经从有些宗教分离出来，但是道德培养和心理安慰的功能还继续存在。宗教所构成的信仰体系是人类思想文化和意识形态的一个重要组成部分。,神圣和超自然观念 Some holy and superna
3、tural concepts一套信仰体系 A set of belief system一套实践活动 A set of practical activities一套特殊的组织与设备 A set of special organization and equipments道德的规定 moral principles,宗教的基本要素 Basic Elements,提供心灵的支持和慰藉。Provide mental support and comfort.加强道德秩序。Strenghten moral principle.社会控制的功能。Get control of the society.预言的功能
4、。Give predictions(prophecy).提供认同。Provide a sense of identity.,宗教的功能 Functions,What to Know,TermsChristianity(Christ,Christian)Islam(Islamic, Muslim)Buddhism(Buddhist)MonotheismPolytheismKarma(命运，宿缘）Dharma（达摩，律法）Reincarnation（转世）ConceptsFour Noble TruthsEightfold PathFive PillarsSunni IslamShia Islam
5、,PeopleJesusMosesAbrahamMuhammadSiddhartha Gautama, BuddhaAllahJehovah PlacesMeccaMedinaJerusalemIsraelPalestineIndiaBabylonDome of the Rock (岩顶清真寺）,Texts/Writings10 CommandmentsThe Holy Bible (New Testament, Old Testament)Koran (Quran),Religious Categories,Three Major Religions,佛教 Buddhism 基督教 Chri
6、stianity 伊斯兰教 Islam,Where are the Religions?,Buddhism,Buddhism is a religion and philosophy encompassing a variety of traditions, beliefs and practices, largely based on teachings attributed to Siddhartha Gautama, commonly known as the Buddha (Sanskrit “the awakened one”). The Buddha lived and taugh
7、t in the northeastern Indian subcontinent some time between the 6th and 4th centuries BC. He is recognized by Buddhists as an awakened or enlightened teacher who shared his insights to help sentient(能感知事物的） beings end suffering (or dukkha), achieve nirvana（佛教：极乐世界）, and escape what is seen as a cycl
8、e of suffering and rebirth.,佛教,佛教重视人类心灵的进步和觉悟，人们的一切烦恼（苦）都是有因有缘的，“诸法因缘生，诸法因缘灭”。人和其他众生一样，沉沦于苦迫之中，并不断的生死轮回。惟有断灭贪、嗔、痴的圣人（佛陀、辟支佛、和阿罗汉）才能脱离生死轮回，达到涅盘（清凉寂静之意，即无有烦恼）。佛教徒的目的即在于从佛陀的教育（正法）里，看透苦迫和“自我”的真相（缘起法），最终超越生死和苦难、断尽一切烦恼，成佛，或者成阿罗汉。,佛教目前主要流行于中国大陆（30%）、台湾 (28%)、日本（71%）、韩国（23%）、蒙古（93%）等东亚地区以及泰国（94%）、柬埔寨（93%）、缅
9、甸（90%）、越南（50%）、斯里兰卡（70%）等东南亚国家，在欧洲、美洲、大洋洲和非洲也有少量信徒。,The Four Noble Truths,The Four Noble Truths were the first teaching of Gautama Buddha after attaining Nirvana. They are sometimes considered to contain the essence of the Buddhas teachings: Four Noble TruthsLife is SufferingSuffering is caused by d
10、esire & resistance to changeWe can end suffering by ending desireWe can end desire and suffering by following the eightfold path,佛教基本教义四圣谛：,苦谛：说人生一切皆苦，苦海无边；集谛：说造成人们痛苦的种种原因；灭谛：说佛教引导人们最终达到理想境界；道谛：说抵达理想境界的种种手段的和方法。,Asoka（阿育王） 273-232 BC,Eight Fold Path,Right UnderstandingRight ThoughtRight SpeechRight
11、ActionRight LivelihoodRight EffortRight Mindfulness Right Concentration,八正道是佛弟子修行的八项内容：“正见解、正思想、正语言、正行为、正职业、正精进、正意念、正禅定。”,1、正见。 正确的见解，亦即坚持佛教四谛的真理； 2、正思维。 又称正志，即根据四谛的真理进行思维、 分别； 3、正语。 即说话要符合佛陀的教导，不说妄语、恶口等违背佛陀教导的话； 4、正业。 正确的行为。一切行为都要符合佛陀的教导，不作杀生、偷盗、邪淫等恶行； 5、正命。 过符合佛陀教导的正当生活； 6、正方便。 即毫不懈怠地修行佛法，以达到涅盘的理想
12、境地； 7、正念。 念念不忘四谛真理； 8、正定。 专心致志地修习佛教禅定，于内心静观四谛真理，以进入清净无漏的境界。,因果报应（karma)- Suffering and the causes of suffering 因果报应是佛教思想体系的基础。佛教认为，由于普通人认识不到生死无常的缘起本质，往往贪求功名利禄和各种生活享受，甚至为此而处心积虑、不择手段。如此种种追求贪欲的心理以及因此而发生的各种语言、行为，会在个体生命终结时，形成一种综合的势力即“业力“，成为决定下一生的生命形态、及其生存处境的直接原因。善人投胎较好的地方，恶人投胎畜牲或到地狱。,六道轮回（the six grea di
13、visions in the wheel of karma) 生前贪欲深重、作恶多端的，下一世就要投生成畜生，或者成为鬼、甚至下地狱；罪恶不深而恶大于善的，即使下世仍然转生为人，那也一定是活得比今世更为凄惨。同样的道理，贪欲较少，以行善为主的人，下世可能会投生到天上，或者转生成为比今世更为顺利、幸福的人。所有生命都和人一样，因行善而上升，因作恶而沉沦；前世决定今生，今生又决定来世。这种由业力决定的个体生命在天道、人道、阿修罗道、畜生道、饿鬼道、地狱道中循环往复、不断沉浮。,佛教饮食习惯 、过午不食； 、不吃荤腥； 、不喝酒。,礼节、“合十”，也称“合掌”。、顶礼。,节日： the Phi Ta
14、 Khon festival, held with the arrival of the sixth or seventh lunar month佛诞节： 也称“浴佛节”，是纪念释迦牟尼的重大节日，据说释迦牟尼诞生之日，有九条龙口吐香水洗浴佛身。因此佛教于每年四月八日举行法会，在大殿里用一盆供奉释迦牟尼诞生像，全寺僧人和信徒用香汤为佛像沐浴，作为佛诞生纪念。 盂兰盆会：a Buddhist observance to give relief to the suffering dead souls held on the 15th day of the seventh month of the
15、lunar calendar 是汉语系佛教地区的佛教徒根据盂兰盆经而于每年七月十五日举行超度宗亲的法会。,佛教,藏传佛教,中国佛教四大名山,五台山（文殊菩萨）,峨眉山（普贤菩萨）,中国佛教四大名山,普陀山（观世音菩萨）,九华山（地藏菩萨）,布达拉宫,泰国,白马寺,European culture is made up of two elements, which have gone through changes over the centuries. Two of these elements are considered to be more enduring and they are:
16、the Greco-Roman element, and the Judeo-Christian element.,Christianity 基督教,Among all the religions by which people seek to worship, Christianity is by far the most influential in the west. Every phase of mans life is touched by this religion, so much so that it has become part and parcel of （比不缺少的部分
17、）western culture. Judaism and Christianity are closely related. In fact, it was the Jewish tradition which gave birth to Christianity. Both originated in Palestinethe center of migration and trade routes, which led to exchange of ideas over wide areas.,Christianity 基督教,Some 3800 years ago the ancest
18、ors of the Jewsthe Hebrewswandered through the deserts of the Middle East. They were traveling merchants, moving from one trading post to the next. About 1300 B.C., the Hebrews came to settle in Palestine, known as Canaan at that time, and formed small kingdoms. Their history was handed down orally
19、from one generation to another in the forms of folktale and stories, which were recorded later in the Old Testament, which still later became the first part of the Christian bible. Through a minor tribe in ancient Middle East with a little population, the Hebrews made one of the greatest contributio
20、ns to the world civilization.,Christianity 基督教,Christianity is the most popular religion in the world with over 2 billion adherents. 42 million Britons see themselves as nominally Christian, and there are 6 million who are actively practising.,Westminster Abbey-A Christian place of worship,基督教 Chris
21、tianity,Christians believe that Jesus was the Messiah（救世主） promised in the Old Testament； that Jesus Christ is the Son of God； that God sent his Son to earth to save humanity from the consequences of its sins. One of the most important concepts in Christianity is that of Jesus giving his life on the
22、 Cross (the Crucifixion) and rising from the dead on the third day (the Resurrection).,Christ on the Cross,基督教 Christianity,Christians believe that there is only one God, but that there are three elements to this one God: God the Father God the Son The Holy Spirit,The Holy Trinity,基督教之基本教义,1. 创世说 Ge
23、nesis 旧约创世纪说，神用五天时间造出了自然界万物，第六天造人，第七天歇息。神创论是基督教重要教义之一。基督教认为上帝是至高、至美、至能、无所不能；至仁、至义、至隐无往而不在；至坚、至定、但又无从执持，不变而变化一切；无新、无故，而更新一切。在至高无上的上帝面前，人越谦卑，就越能得到上帝的恩宠。,诺亚方舟 Noahs ark,The Story of Cain and Abel,Christian Doctrine,Original sin is a Christian doctrine that says that everyone is born sinful. This means
24、that they are born with a built-in urge to do bad things and to disobey God.Original sin is not just this inherited spiritual disease or defect in human nature; its also the condemnation（谴责） that goes with that fault.The sin of Adam In traditional Christian teaching, original sin is the result of Ad
25、am and Eves disobedience to God when they ate a forbidden fruit in the Garden of Eden.,Christianity and the FallOriginal sin is part of the Doctrine of the Fall, which is the belief that when Adam and Eve disobeyed God, they fell from perfection and brought evil into a perfect world.Fall goes with r
26、edemption（救赎）For Christians, the Fall is inseparable from redemption - the act by which human souls are washed clean of the stain of original sin.A tale of two AdamsChristians believe that the story of the Fall and redemption is a story of two Adams, and sometimes refer to Christ as the Second Adam.
27、The first Adam sins and causes humanity to fall; the second Adam atones（补偿，赎罪） for that sin with his death and redeems humanity.,The traditional story of original sin The story behind original sin is told in the Old Testament book of Genesis: God originally made a perfect world. He created Adam and
28、put him to live in the Garden of Eden - a blissful place where he had nothing to do but take care of the garden. God told Adam that he could do anything he wanted, except eat the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. Later, God created Eve to be Adams wife. Eve was tricked by the serp
29、ent into eating the fruit of the tree of the knowledge of life and death. She gave some of the fruit to Adam and he ate it too. Adam and Eve realised that they were naked and hid in shame，when God next visited the Garden. He realised that they had disobeyed him. God banished them from the Garden of
30、Eden into the harsh world outside.God also banned them from eating the fruit of the tree of life, and so death entered the world.,米开朗基罗 创世纪,How to cure original sinChristians believe that human beings cant cure themselves of original sin. The only way they can be saved from its consequences is by th
31、e grace of God.The only way people can receive Gods grace is by accepting his love and forgiveness, believing that Jesus Christ died on the cross to redeem their sins, and getting baptised.Many churches accept that infants can be cleansed of original sin by being baptised soon after birth.,Christian
32、 Text,圣经the Holy Bible -旧约圣经和新约圣经旧约圣经(Old Testment)从犹太教继承下来。犹太教认为旧约圣经是上帝与犹太民族在西乃山订立的盟约，所以称作约书。基督教认为耶稣基督以流血受死而在上帝与世人之间订立了“新约”。 于是便把从犹太教继承下来的圣经称作旧约圣经或旧约全书，把新订立的圣经称作新约圣经或新约全书(New Testment)。 因此，圣经又称作新旧约全书。,Now there are many different branches of Christianity such as Catholics, Orthodox, and Protestant
33、spreading all over the world.1.Roman Catholicism(罗马天主教) 2.Protestanism(新教)3 the Eastern Orthodox Church(东正教) 新教又分成许多小的教派:Anglicanism(或the Church of England(英国圣公会)the Baptist Church(浸礼会)Lutheranism(路德教),Branches of Christianity,1. Geoffrey Chaucer a full-blown flower of English medieval literature. T
34、he Canterbury tales contains twenty-four tales told by a group of pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury. Pilgrim is someone who journeys to a sacred place as an act of religious devotion. From the Canterbury tales we can infer that in Chaucers time, Christianity had become an important part of peo
35、ples life.,ReligionsInfluenceonBritishLiterature,2. John Milton, his three master epic poems: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonists（大力士参孙）. The former two masterpieces which talk about bible stories of the fall of the man and Jesus resistance to Satans temptation showed the religious
36、reformations influence on him. By the end of the 16th century, puritan movement was started in England. The puritan principle emphasized the liberty of the individual soul before god.,ReligionsInfluenceonBritishLiterature,Mayflower Early Colonies Promised Land 迦南（上帝允许给亚伯拉罕的地方）；乐土,Puritan Movement an
37、d American History,Holy Days,All Saints Day, a feast day celebrated on November 1. All Souls Day, November 2, is a time to pray for departed souls. All Saints Day (also known as All Hallows Day or Hallowmas) is the day after All Hallows Eve (Halloween). It is a feast day celebrated on November 1st b
38、y Anglicans and Roman Catholics. It is an opportunity for followers to remember all saints and martyrs, known and unknown, throughout Christian history. As part of this day of obligation, followers are required to attend church and try not to do any servile work.,Holy Days,ChristmasChristmas is mark
39、ed on the 25 December (7 January for Orthodox Christians). Its a Christian holy day that marks the birth of Jesus, the son of God.The story of ChristmasJesus birth, known as the nativity, is described in the New Testament of the Bible. He was born to a woman called Mary who was engaged to Joseph, a
40、carpenter. Mary was a virgin when she became pregnant gave birth to her son in a stable.,The Holy Family, Mary and Joseph with the baby Jesus,Holy Days,Easter Easter celebrates Jesus Christs resurrection from the dead, three days after he was executed.It is one of the most important Christian festiv
41、al, and the one celebrated with the greatest joy.The date of Easter changes each year, and several other Christian festivals fix their dates by reference to Easter.Churches are filled with flowers, and there are special hymns and songs.,Semana Santa Easter festival in Seville, Spain,巴黎圣母院,Islam,The
42、word Islam means submission to the will of God.Islam began in Arabia and was revealed over 1400 years ago to humanity by the Prophet Muhammad. Those who follow Islam are called Muslims. Muslims believe that there is only one God. The Arabic word for God is Allah(安拉，真主）.Islam is the second largest re
43、ligion in the world with over 1 billion followers. Ialam began in our country in the 7th century. Now there are 10 minority groups of nearly 20,000,000 Muslims.In the world, Islam is the national religion in more than 40 countries and about 1/5 of the population are Muslims.,Islam,According to Musli
44、ms, God sent a number of prophets to mankind to teach them how to live according to His law. Jesus, Moses and Abraham are respected as prophets of God， but the final Prophet was Muhammad. Muslims base their laws on their holy book the Quran, and the Sunnah逊奈(即伊斯兰教的圣行).,A copy of the Quran,Islam,Musl
45、ims believe the Sunnah is the practical example of Prophet Muhammad and that there are five basic Pillars of Islam（五功）. These pillars are the declaration of faith, praying five times a day, giving money to charity, fasting and a pilgrimage to Mecca (at least once).,Pilgrim tents during Hajj（麦加朝圣）,Pi
46、lgrims praying at the mosque in Makkah.,Why are they important?Carrying out these obligations provides the framework of a Muslims life, and weaves their everyday activities and their beliefs into a single cloth of religious devotion.No matter how sincerely a person may believe, Islam regards it as p
47、ointless to live life without putting that faith into action and practice.Carrying out the Five Pillars demonstrates that the Muslim is putting their faith first, and not just trying to fit it in around their secular（世俗的） lives.,The Five Pillars of Islam,Ramadan 斋月,Muslims are required to fast durin
48、g Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.During the 29/30 days of Ramadan all adult Muslims must give up the following things during the hours of daylight: （“封斋”）Food or drink of any sort Smoking, including passive smoking Sexual activity,Eid ul-Fitr 开斋节,The month of Ramadan ends with the festival of Eid ul-Fitr. This is marked by dressing up and visiting the mosque for prayer, and with visits to family and friends for celebratory meals. 开斋节期间，人们身着洁净的服装、走亲访友，互相登门祝贺，家家炸油香、馓子等食品待客或馈赠，各族穆斯林沐浴后前往清真寺会礼，听教长讲经布道，并上坟（走坟）悼念亡人。,
