1、生物考古学,胡耀武人文学院科技史与科技考古系2005.9.12,概念,英文缩写（bioarchaeology)概念：狭义广义,狭义概念,Bioarchaeology is defined as the history of human disease, health and medical treatment in the context of human evolution and adaptation as evidenced in the archaeological record. Bioarchaeology, an emerging discipline that emphasiz
2、es the human biological component of the archaeological record.Bioarchaeology is the study of human remains from archaeological sites.,生物考古学：在考古学范畴内，以人类的生物遗存骨骼和牙齿为研究对象，采用各种分析手段以探索古代人类生活方式、疾病、营养状况、社会经济结构及人群遗传结构等方面重要信息的分支学科。,研究内容,骨病理学（palaeopathology),骨化学（bone chemistry),古代DNA分析（ancient DNA analysis）,
3、人体骨学（human osteology),广义概念,Bioarchaeology is the study of the relationship between biology and culture in ancient societies. The central objective of this facility is to enhance our ability to bring people of the past to life, by providing state-of-the-art analytical tools that enable us to reconstr
4、uct detailed osteobiographies from skeletal remains recovered from archaeological sites.,Bioarchaeology is a sub-discipline of archaeological science and broadly relates to the reconstruction of human activity, health and disease from surviving biological evidence.,生物考古学：广泛地说来，以考古遗址中的生物遗存为研究对象，采用各种分
5、析手段复原古代人类社会历史的学科。,研究内容,Lifeways analysis - diet/ nutrition ，biomonitoring/ toxicology, activity patterns Skeletal biology and human evolution Palaeopathology Palaeodemography Forensic Anthropology Environmental archaeology Sanitation and public health practice Evolution and history of pathogens Resi
6、due analysis Bone chemistry,生物考古的研究对象,狭义地，以人体的遗骸为研究对象广义地，以整个考古遗址中的生物遗存为研究对象,生物考古的研究方法,相对于单纯的考古学而言，生物考古学具有极强的自然科学深度和广度。是一门文理交叉极强的科学，所涉及的学科种类众多，如化学、物理学、地质学、生物学、考古学、埋藏学、人类学、数学、历史学等等。研究方法和研究思路多种多样，没有一个固定的模式。,生物考古的研究目标,狭义地，揭示古代人类的体质特征、患病情况、食物结构、生活方式、遗传信息等等。广义地，重建并复原整个人类社会和相关生物的发展史。,研究现状,国际生物考古界重点介绍：骨化学古代
7、DNA国内生物考古界,名词辨析,生物考古与体质人类学（physical anthropology)生物考古与考古骨学（osteoarchaeology)生物考古与文化人类学（cultural anthropology)生物考古与生物地球化学(biogeochemistry)生物考古与考古遗传学、分子考古学(molecular archaeology, archaeogenetics)生物考古与古人类学(palaeoanthropology)生物考古与法医人类学(forensic anthropology),生物考古与体质人类学（physical anthropology),Physical a
8、nthropology, sometimes called biological anthropology, studies the mechanisms of biological evolution, genetic inheritance, human adaptability and variation, primatology, primate morphology, and the fossil record of human evolution.,Physical anthropology is one of the four major subfields of anthrop
9、ology that examines the physical or biological aspects of what it means to be human. Two major areas of concern are how we have evolved and how we vary form each other and from our nearest living relatives, the non-human primates. This field encompasses several different scientific disciplines inclu
10、ding evolutionary biology, genetics, primatology, paleoanthropology, human adaptability, human growth, medical anthropology, and human ecology.,生物考古与考古骨学（osteoarchaeology),Human osteoarchaeology involves the scientific excavation, recording, recovery, and analysis of archaeological human remains. Th
11、is includes all archaeological human remains including skeletal remains such as inhumations and cremations, and more fleshy remains.,生物考古与文化人类学（cultural anthropology),Cultural Anthropology encompasses three broad topics within which are numerous other specialties. Ethnology involves the study of con
12、temporary societies, or societies that exist today. The study of linguistics is the study of language.Archaeologists typically study prehistory by reconstructing a society based on remains.,生物考古与生物地球化学(biogeochemistry),生物地球化学（biogeochemistry)，是一门介于各学科之间的科学，包括大气层、海洋、地壳内各种矿物已经有机体所发生的各种化学反应。生物地球化学循环(bi
13、ogeochemical cycles)，是指物质在自然环境中的传输和转化过程，即物质从环境生物环境的过程。,生物考古与考古遗传学、分子考古学(molecular archaeology, archaeogenetics),Molecular archaeology is, basically, the study of ancient molecules. Archaeological studies which include the study of ancient molecues include DNA recovered from human skeletal remains an
14、d the mummified bodies of humans; the identification of organic residues recovered from archaeological sites and objects; and tracing the progress of domestication of plants and animals through genetic research.,生物考古与古人类学(palaeoanthropology),also spelled Palaeoanthropology, also called Human paleont
15、ology, interdisciplinary branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early humans.,生物考古与法医人类学(forensic anthropology),Generally speaking forensic anthropology is the examination of human skeletal remains for law enforcement agencies to determine the identity of unidentified b
16、ones.,生物考古的专业期刊,考古类、人类学类Archaeometry, Journal of Archaeological Science, Antiquity, American Antiquity，International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, Journal of Anthropological Archaeology, 人类学学报，考古，考古学报，考古与文物等生物类Journal of physical anthropology, cell, nature genetics，生物物理学报、生物化学与生物物理学报等,地学类Geochimica e
17、t Cosmochimica Acta ,Journal of Planetary Letters,等综合类Nature, Science,中国科学，科学通报等,Human osteology,定义：the study of human bones their morphology and identification, and their variation.研究内容：人体骨的形态测量，了解人个体的相关情况，如年龄、性别、人种等等。研究实例：非洲中部乍得发现6件人类化石，与人类化石相伴的动物年代为600-700万年。（Nature，2002.7.11）,骨病理学,定义：Palaeopatho
18、logy is defined by the Oxford Concise Medical Dictionary as the study of the diseases of man and other animals in prehistoric times, from examination of their bones and other remains. 研究内容：检查人和动物所受的疾病等情况研究实例：肺结核病,The Bioarchaeology of Tuberculosis: A Global View on a Reemerging Disease by Charlotte
19、A. Roberts and Jane E. Buikstra ； 2003.9.30,Internet archaeology,Detecting Ancient TuberculosisAngela M. Gernaey (1), David E. Minnikin (2), Mark S. Copley (3), Jacinda J. Power (4), Ali M. S. Ahmed (5), Ronald A. Dixon (6), Charlotte A. Roberts (7), Duncan J. Robertson (8), John Nolan (9) and Andre
20、w Chamberlain (10),骨化学,定义：以人体骨骼和牙齿为研究对象，通过其中各种化学成分的分析，以得到有关人类生活方式等方面的潜信息。研究内容：人类的食谱、迁徙方式、古环境变化等等研究实例：Iceman的食谱,古代DNA,DNA samples obtained from ancient biological remains (such as bones, teeth and hairs from many year old graves) are referred to as ancient DNA. 研究内容：古代人类之间的亲缘关系，家畜的驯养等等研究实例：Neandertal与现代人之间的关系（1997,Cell）,
