1、语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,复习动词-ing形式的用法一、动词-ing形式做主语动词-ing形式做主语,指抽象的概念,表示泛指,不涉及具体哪一次的动作,通常也不涉及特定的动作执行者。Doing is better than wishing.实践比空想好。1.动词-ing形式短语做主语,可用于“主+系+表”结构中,有时可用it做形式主语,但做表语的词通常有所限制,常常是下列词或词组:no good,no use,interesting,a waste,fun,worthwhile,useless,dangerous,foolish,better,hard,nice等。It is no go
2、od learning without practice.只学而不实践是没用的。,一,二,三,四,五,六,2.动词-ing形式做主语也可用在“主+谓+宾/状”结构中。Burning cannot take place without oxygen.没有氧气,燃烧就不能进行。3.动词-ing形式也可用在“There is+(no)+动词-ing”结构中,往往用于说明“不允许、禁止某种活动或是某件事情的发生或存在”。类似一种建议、命令等。在这一结构中,不可用不定式代替动词-ing形式。There is no joking about such matters.这种事开不得玩笑。,语法指南,一,二,
3、三,四,五,六,4.当谓语表示没有时间性的概念时,也可以用动词-ing形式做主语。Moving an object doesnt mean doing work.移动物体并不意味着做功。5.“No+动词-ing”的公告语可看作是省略了“There is”。No spitting!禁止随地吐痰!,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,二、动词-ing形式做宾语1.只能以动词-ing形式做宾语的动词有:suggest,avoid,cant help,mind,admit,enjoy,practice等。2.还有些动词既可以跟动词-ing形式,也可以跟不定式做宾语。例如:love,like,hate,d
4、islike,begin,start,continue,intend,want,need,remember,forget,regret,try等。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,三、动词-ing形式做表语Our job is playing all kinds of music.我们的工作就是演奏各种音乐。The music they are playing sounds so exciting.他们演奏的音乐听起来如此令人兴奋。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,四、动词-ing形式做定语动词-ing形式做定语可以表示:(1)所修饰词的用途a waiting room(=a room f
5、or waiting)候车室(2)所修饰的词正在进行的动作,可以换成定语从句形式。a waiting man(=a man who is waiting)正在等待的男子,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,五、动词-ing形式做宾语补足语动词-ing形式做宾语补足语,主要用在某些动词如see,hear,notice,watch,keep,find,get,have,feel等后,与一个名词(或代词)构成复合宾语。这时动词-ing形式和句子的宾语之间存在着逻辑上的主谓关系,并且动词-ing形式表示宾语正在进行的动作。He saw a girl getting on the tractor.(=He
6、 saw a girl and she was getting on the tractor.)他看见一个女孩正往拖拉机上爬。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,六、动词-ing形式做状语动词-ing形式做状语时表示的动作是主语动作的一部分,与谓语表示的动作或状态同时或几乎同时发生,或是先于谓语动词动作发生,它的逻辑主语与句子的主语一致。(一)动词-ing形式作状语所表示的意义,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,(二)动词-ing形式做状语的句法功能动词-ing形式做状语时表示时间、条件、原因、方式、伴随、让步、结果,多用逗号同句子其他成分隔开。1.做时间状语。强调与谓语动词的动作同时发生时,
7、动词-ing形式之前可用连词while或when等。如:Hearing the bad news,they couldnt help crying.=When they heard the bad news,they couldnt help crying.听到这个坏消息时,他们情不自禁地哭了起来。While playing the piano,she got very excited.=While she was playing the piano,she got very excited.弹钢琴时(过程中),她变得十分激动。Having finished their homework,th
8、ey all went out to play.=After they had finished their homework,they all went out to play.完成作业后,他们都出去玩了。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,2.做原因状语。相当于原因状语从句。如:Not recognizing the voice,he refused to give the person his address.=As he didnt recognize the voice,he refused to give the person his address.因为没听出那个人是谁,所以他拒
9、绝把自己的地址给他。Being so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.=As he was so angry,he couldnt go to sleep.因为太生气了,他睡不着。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,3.做让步状语。相当于一个让步状语从句。有时动词-ing 形式前可带有连词although,even if,even though等。如:Although working hard from morning till night,he didnt get enough food.=Although he worked hard from morning t
10、ill night,he didnt get enough food.虽然他从早到晚拼命干,但挣的还是不够吃。Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.=Though he had been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake.尽管被告知许多次了,他仍然犯同样的错误。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,4.做结果状语。做结果状语时,通常放在句末,用逗号与前面的部分隔开;有时为了突出结果,其前可带thus。如:She was so angry th
11、at she threw the plates on the floor,breaking them into pieces.她是如此生气以至于把盘子扔在地上,摔得粉碎。The bus was held up by the snowstorm,thus causing the delay.公共汽车被风雪所阻,因而耽搁了。5.做条件状语。做条件状语时,相当于if引导的条件状语从句。如:Taking(=If you take)the path that leads out of the town,you will come to a dense wood.如果你沿着通向郊外的小道前进,就会走到一片
12、密林处。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,6.表示方式或伴随情况。这种用法可以用并列复合句或两个简单句代替。如:They came into the classroom singing and laughing.=They sang and laughed,and came into the classroom.他们又唱又笑地走进了教室。He stood leaning against the wall.=He stood and leaned against the wall.他靠墙站着。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,(三)动词-ing形式做状语的基本原则1.动词-ing形式有一般式
13、和完成式。动词-ing形式的完成式表示的动作在谓语动词表示的动作之前已经完成。Having found the answer,he felt relieved.找到答案后,他如释重负。2.动词-ing形式被动语态的一般式表示一个被动动作正在进行,或与谓语动词表示的动作同时进行;动词-ing形式被动语态的完成式表示一个被动动作在谓语动词所表示的动作之前已经完成。Youll find the topic being discussed everywhere.你会发现到处都在讨论这个话题。Having been taught hundreds of words,the students can ma
14、ke up simple dialogues.被教会几百个单词后,这些学生能组织简单对话了。,语法指南,一,二,三,四,五,六,3.动词-ing形式的否定结构是在分词前加not,注意不要受谓语动词否定形式的影响。动词-ing形式完成式的否定结构通常不把not置于having和过去分词之间。Not knowing how to do it,he had to ask for help.因为不知道该怎样做,他不得不寻求帮助。Not having received any reply,he decided to write another letter.由于没收到任何答复,他决定再写一封信。,语法指
15、南,一,二,三,四,五,六,4.一般情况下,当动词-ing形式做状语时,其逻辑主语就是句子主语。如果动词-ing形式逻辑主语和句子主语不一致,即为错句。另外,动词-ing形式或动词-ing短语也可以有自己的逻辑主语,它们之间有逻辑上的主谓关系,称之为独立主格结构,逻辑主语通常由一个名词或代词来充当。Bleeding and fainting,the man lay by the road.那个人躺在路边,流着血,晕倒了。School being over,the students left the classroom and went home.放学了,学生们离开教室回家了。(本句中状语部分为独立主格结构,be over的逻辑主语是school,而不是句子的主语the students),语法指南,
