1、The Restrictive and Non- Restrictive Attributive Clauses,Unit 1 Grammar,1. 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从 句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在 它所修饰的先行词之后。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行 词。,定语从句,3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。 关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；关系副词有when, where, why等。 关系词通常有下列三个作用： A. 引导定语从句； B. 代替先行词； C. 在定语从句中担当一个成分。,定
2、语从句,The teacher told me that Tom was the onlyperson that I could depend on. 老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一可以依靠的人。 His mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。,限制性定语从句Restrictive Attributive Clause,非限制性定语从句Non-restrictive Attributive Clause,Can you tell the difference between restrictive a
3、nd non-restrictive clauses?,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句都是修饰名词和代词的一种从句，两者虽然性质相同，但在意义上和用法上有许多不同。 1. 限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可 缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就 不完整或失去意义。这种定语从句和主 句的关系十分密切，书写时不用逗号分 开。,例如： I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。 He has found the hammer that he was looking for.他找到了他正在寻找的那把锤子。,2.
4、 非限制性定语从句同主句的关系不十 分密切，只是对先行词作附加或补充 的说明，不起限制的作用，如果省 去，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。非限 制性定语从句仅仅是对意思已经相当 明确的先行词加以补充说明，不起限 制的作用。这类定语从句在书写时大 多用逗号与主句分开。,例如： Last week I met John, who seemed to be very excited.上星期我见到了约翰，他好像很兴奋。 The project, which lasted two years, cost five million dollars. 这项工程历时两年，耗资五百万美元。,3. 非限制性定语从句对所谈
5、及的人或事 物只提供进一步的说明或解释，它形 式上是一个从句，但在功能上相当于 一个分句，在意义上相当于一个状 语，故可根据其句意改为并列句或状 语从句。,例如： The meeting, which was held in the park, was attended by 1000 people. The meeting was attended by 1000 people,and it was held in the park. 那次会议有一千人参加, 它是在公园里举行的。 I dont like the boy, who is very lazy. I dont like the b
6、oy, since he is very lazy.我不喜欢这个男孩, (因为)他太懒惰了。,4. 关系代词 who, whom, which 在限制 性定语从句中作动词的宾语时往往可以 省略，但在非限制性定语从句中不能省 略。值得注意的是，关系代词 that 可引 导限制性定语从句，但一般不可引导非 限制性定语从句。,例如： I know the man (whom) you mean. 我认识你指的那个人。 I happened to meet Li Hong, whom I didnt recognize at once. 我碰巧遇到李红，但并没有马上认出她来。 These apple
7、trees, which I planted three years ago, have not borne any fruit.这些苹果树是我三年前栽的，还没有结过果实。,(不可将 which 改为 that),5. 限制性定语从句对先行词起限制的作 用，非限制性定语从句对先行词起补 充说明的作用，故两者的意义往往有 别。,例如： His brother, who is eighteen years old, is a PLA man. 他的哥哥是个解放军战士，现今十八岁。(说明他只有一个哥哥) His brother who is eighteen years old is a PLA m
8、an. 他那个十八岁的哥哥是位解放军。(说明他还有别的哥哥),All the books there, which have beautiful pictures in them, were written by him.那里所有的书都是他写的, 书里附有漂亮的插图。(说明那里没有除他以外的人写的书) All the books there which have beautiful pictures in them were written by him. 那里所有附插图的书都是他写的。(暗示没有附插图的书不是他写的),非限制性定语从句应注意以下几点：,一、非限制性定语从句通常不能用that
9、引导。1. I like the book, which was bought yesterday. 我喜欢这本书，这是昨天买的。 2. I like the book which/that was bought yesterday. 我喜欢昨天买的那本书。,二、非限制性定语从句不能用why引导, 要用for which代替why。1. I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting. 我已经把理由告诉了他们，为此我没有 去开会。 2. I had told them the reason why I didnt
10、 attend the meeting. 我告诉了他们我不去开会的理由。 (限制性定语从句“the reason why.”是常见搭配。),三、非限制性定语从句置于句首时，不 能用which引导。关系代词as引导非 限制性定语从句位置比较灵活，可以 放主句前，也可以放主句后。1. As I expected, he didnt believe me. 正如我所预料的，他不相信我。 2. She heard a terrible noise, which brought her heart into her mouth. 她听到一个可怕的声音，这让她把心都 提到嗓子眼了。,四、非限制性定语从句由
11、“介词+关系代 词”引导时，其中的关系代词不能用 as。1. He bought the car for more than $20,000, with which his father was angry. 他花两万多美元买了这辆车，他父亲对 此很生气。 2. I finished my work ahead of time, after which I sat some time reading the newspaper. 我提前干完了我的活，随后我坐着看了一 会儿报纸。,五、在非限制性定语从句中，指人的关 系代词作宾语时，只能用宾格whom; 不能用who替换，也不能省略。1. Do
12、you know Tom, whom we talked about? 你认识汤姆吗? 我们谈到过他。 2. This book, which you can get at any bookshop, will give you all the information you need. 这本书会给你提供所有你需要的资料， 它在任何一家书店都能买到。 (非限制性定语从句中引导词在从句中作宾语，无论指人还是指物都不能省略。),六、which可指前面整个句子。The sun sends out light and heat, which makes it possible for living t
13、hings to exist on the earth.太阳发出光和热，这使得生物能够在地球上生存。,which可代替句子, 用于非限定性定语从句, 而what不可。that不能用于非限定性定语从句, it不为连词, 使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别,限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的区别,1. Yesterday Mr. Li finally bought his own house, _ is a hospital. A. in where B. to the east of which C. to the east of it D
14、. in the east of that 2. My brothers purse, _ he put ￥1,000, was missing on the bus. A. there B. which C. in which D. that,单选,3. The football match _ the students competed yesterday was very wonderful. A. in which B. which C. in that D. that4. The reason _ he was late again was that he was caught in
15、 a traffic jam in the rush hour. A. which B. in which C. for which D. of which,5. His glasses, _ he could see nothing, was taken away by a naughty boy. A. which B. without which C. with which D. without those 6. The computer, _ he paid ￥3,000, was once owned by his uncle. A. which B. for which C. th
16、at D. to that,7. Mary has two brothers, _ are doctors. A. both of they B. both of whom C. both of them D. whom of both 8. The problem _ you argued about yesterday has been solved. A. that B. what C. why D. for which,9. On the way home I met my friend John, from _ home the thief had stolen a computer
17、. A. whom B. which C. that D. whose 10. At last we found the hole in the wall _ the mouse got into the house last night. A. in which B. which C. through which D. by which,1. Here are the farmers. They discovered the underground city last month.,合并下列句子。,2. She got so angry. I dont know the reason.,He
18、re are the farmers who discovered the underground city last month.,I dont know the reason why she got so angry.,3. St Petersburg is a very beautiful city. It was once called Leningrad.,4. I remember the soldier. He told me not to tell anyone what I had seen.,St Petersburg is a very beautiful city, w
19、hich was once called Leningrad.,I remember the soldier, who told me not to tell anyone what I had seen.,5. The soldiers moved the boxes to a mine. They wanted to hide them.,6. Xian is one of the few cities with walls. Its walls remain as good as before.,Xian is one of the few cities in which/where w
20、alls remain as good as before.,The soldiers moved the boxes to a mine, where they wanted to hide them.,7. The old man saw some Germans taking apart the Amber Room and removing it. You are talking to an old man.,The old man (who / whom / that) you are talking to saw some Germans takingapart the Amber
21、 Room and removing it.,1. What surprised me was not what he said but the way _ he said it.2. Were just trying to reach a point _ both sides will sit down together and talk.,(that / in which),where,填空,3. _ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.4. This is the very house _ he lived.
22、5. Next winter, _ you will spend in Harbin, Im sure, will be another exciting holiday.6. Thats the reason _ he was late.,As,where,which,why,7. The pictures brought the days back to the old _ they swam in the river.8. Robert and his songs _ were famous in the U. S. are also popular in China.9. They a
23、re always smoking, _, of course, will do harm to their health.10 The situation _ you use the words is very clear in fact.,when,that,which,where,The reason why he explained at the meeting surprised us.2. I can remember the days when we spent together.,why(that),when(that / which),改错,3. The way in which you talked about is very important for us.4. Put the book in which you can see it easily.,in which(which / that),in whichwhere,Thank you.,
