1、美式论文、报告写作技巧 编者按：美式教育的特点即是课程内容强调学生参与及创新运用，因此，报告便成了常见的考核学生学习成果的方式，比如实验报告、学期报告、专题报告、研究报告及论文（含毕业论文）等。研究生presentation 及 seminar 的机会更是占很大的比重，有些甚至占学期成绩很大比例。如何完成报告、论文同时得到良好的成绩，是本文提供给有志留学的有心人参考的目的。 美国大学生由於自小已养成自动寻找答案习惯，在启发式的教育环境下，写报告、论文对他们来说比较不陌生，虽然专业知识上美国学生不见得比外籍学生强，但是表达能力由於自小培养，加上英语能力的优势，常比外籍学生在报告、论文方面有较隹的
2、利基。反之中国学生比较缺乏报告写作的训练，因此如果在留学过程中无法适应美式教育会比较辛苦，其实论文、报告的写作要领其实不难，只要把握技巧就可水到渠成。 通常论文由篇首(Preliminaries)，本文(Texts)以及参考资料(References)三部分构成；而这三大部分各自内容如下： (一) 篇首： 封面(Title) 序言(Preface) 谢词(Acknowledge) 提要(Summary) 目录(Tables and Appendixes) (二) 本文： 引言(Introduction) 主体，含篇(Part)、章(Chapter)、节(Section) 、以及注释 (Foot
3、notes) (三)参考资料： 参考书目(References or Bibliography) 附录资料(Appendix)。 进行论文或报告写作之前，先要确定想要表达的主题，主题确定后，将其具体表达，即为题目。题目可以提供研究者： 一.研究的方向 二.研究的范围 三.资料搜集的范围 四.预期研究成果 通常在确定题目之後就开始找资料从事研究，建议在找资料之前最好去问教授有哪些参考资料来源可供参考引用。构思为确定写作大纲或 Proposal 的先前步骤， 大纲是论文、报告的骨干， Proposal 是研究的架构、流程及范围的说明书。如何构思大纲或Proposal为论文、报告写作前的必要准备工作
4、。好的论文或研究报告，要基于在完整、详实的资料上，而参考资料除了和教授商借之外，最主要的来源就是图书馆了，一般参考资料来源可分成教科书或手册、政府机构的报告、科技或商业方面的杂志，及会议性质的资料。此外现代的电脑资料库也可帮助收集资料，在国外可利用学校的电脑连线资料库寻找自己需要的资料。当一切准备就绪，即可开始着手写报告，一般报告还分大报告如期末、专题等报告，及小报告如 Seminar 式的报告。 就算是小报告，也至少应含 (一)TITLE PAGES ：包含主题名称、作者、日期 (二)Summary： 即主要的结论 (三)Introduction：包括理论背景及内容 (四)Technical
5、 Sections：是论文的主体，为最重要的部份应再细分为 几个片断。 (五)Conclusions：即扼要的结论 (六)Appendixes：复杂公式的导引及叁考资料和电脑程式的报表可附加在 此项 美式报告的撰写通常要打字，两行式，行间若有未拼完的字要以音节来连接。写报告通常需要用到电脑，如有计算数字统计图表的需求，也常会用到程式软体如PASCAL、LOTUS，统计分析软体如SAS，也是不可或缺的，电脑绘图在今日已成为工商界及学术界的重要工具，文书处理更是最基本的要求，因此Word for Window、Powerpoint、Excel便成了颇受欢迎的工具。此外在英文语法、文法上的润饰与修改
6、，如能请老美帮忙会比较好。 论文、报告完成后有时会需要做解说(Presentation)，用英文来讲演对中国人来说算是一大挑战，通常课堂讲演时间为十五分钟到三十分钟，若是论文囗试则至少一小时。投影机及麦克风的使用对讲演的效果有很大帮助，正式讲演前多预习几次，时间宜控制适中，上台时忌讳低头拿着报告照念，需留意听众的反应，切中主题，避免太多数字的导引。试卷编号：7134a 浙江广播电视大学2006年春季学期期末考试 旅游与酒店管理专业旅游英语试题答案及评分标准2006年7月一、Multiple Choice单项选择（每小题2分，共30分）Direction: There are 15 incomp
7、lete sentences here and each one has four choices below for you to take. Please choose the best one and transfer it to the Answer Sheet.1. B 2. C 3. C 4. A 5. B 6. B 7. C 8. C 9. A 10. C11. B 12. B 13. A 14. C 15. A 二、Translation英译中（每小题4分，共20分）Direction: Please translate the following 5 sentences in
8、to Chinese and transfer them to the Answer Sheet.1. A galloping gorse alighting on a swallow with its rare hoof is a design one often sees at Chinese scenic spots, hotels or emblazoned on souvenirs. 一匹飞奔的马，其后蹄踩着一只燕子，这一标志常见于风景点、宾馆或被雕刻在纪念品上。 2. An ancient art, Chinese painting falls into three categor
9、ies-portrait, landscape and flower-and-bird-and two styles-meticulous and freehand. 中国画是一种古老的艺术，分为肖像画、风景画和花鸟画三种形式，并有工笔画和写意画这两种绘画风格。 3. The book adopted theories concerning yin and yang (the two opposing principles of nature, the former feminine and negative, the latter masculine and positive) and wh
10、at were at that time believed to be the five elements making up the physical universe (metal, wood, water, fire and earth). 该书采用了阴阳理论（自然界的两极原则，前者是阴柔的、消极的，后者是阳刚的、积极的）和被当时认为构成物质世界的五要素-五行说（金、木水、火和土）。4. The Travels of Marco Polo (first published in French) is perhaps the most famous and influential trav
11、el book in history. 马可.波罗游记(最早是用法文出版的)也许是历史上最著名，最有影响力的游记。5Buddhism arose in a particular time in a particular placein India, in the fifth century before Christ. 佛教始于五世纪印度的一个特殊的地方，先于耶稣基督时期。三、Translation中译英（每小题4分，共20分）Direction: Please translate the following 5 sentences into English and transfer them
12、 to the Answer Sheet.1. 中国是一个具有悠久历史的文明古国。China is an ancient country with a long history。 2. 请寄两份介绍旅游路线的资料，对此我们将表示非常感激。We will quite appreciate it if you can send us two copies of the tour itinerary information leaflet. 3. 春节期间，所有的中国人都有三天假期。 Every Chinese citizen is entitled to a three-day holiday d
13、uring the Spring Festival. 4. 如果对饭店服务有什么意见，请告诉我。 我一定转告饭店经理。Please dont hesitate to tell me if you have some complaints about the hotel service. I will surely let the hotel manager know. 5很遗憾，飞机起飞的时间又推迟了四十分钟。Im sorry that that the plane is delayed forty minutes to take off again. 四、Reading Comprehens
14、ion阅读理解（每小题3分，共30分）Direction: In this part there are two passages. Each passage is followed with five questions. Answer the questions and transfer the answers to the Answer Sheet. Please answer the following questions:1. According to historical records, what kind of animals might be worshiped by a c
15、lan as a totem in the primitive society five thousand years ago? Ox, horse, tiger, deer, or snake. 2. What are the four supernatural creatures according to some historic record?They are dragon, tortoise, phoenix and fish.3. What magic can a dragon have?It can become small or large, short or long, as
16、cends to heaven after the spring equinox ( the fourth solar term) ad dives into the water after the autumn equinox (the sixteenth solar term).4. How can you tell Chi-dragon from the other dragons?Chi-dragon doesnt have horn.5. Where can the Chinese character for dragon be found? The Chinese characte
17、r for dragon can be found in the oracle-bone inscriptions unearthed from the Yin ruins in Henan.6. Who might be the readers of this article?The American citizens who want to travel abroad. 7. What is the purpose of this article? It offers some travel tips to help the American travelers avoid serious
18、 difficulties while they are abroad.8. Why should a traveler dress conservatively? To avoid the appearance of affluence and being the target. 9. What should a traveler do if he or she has any doubt about the legality of carrying a certain drug into a country? The traveler should consult the embassy
19、or consulate of that country first. 10. Why should a traveler pack an extra set of passport photos? In case the passport is stolen. 英语作文常用谚语、俗语1、A liar is not believed when he speaks the truth. 说谎者即使讲真话也没人相信。 2、A little knowledge is a dangerous thing. 一知半解，自欺欺人。 3、All rivers run into sea. 海纳百川。 4、Al
20、l roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马。 5、All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. 只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。 6、A bad beginning makes a bad ending. 不善始者不善终。 7、Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 8、A faithful friend is hard to find. 知音难觅。 9、A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。 10、A friend is easier lost
21、than found. 得朋友难，失朋友易。 11、A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半。 12、A good beginning makes a good ending. 善始者善终。 13、A good book is a good friend. 好书如挚友。 14、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。 15、A mothers love never changes. 母爱永恒。 16、An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，不用请医生。 17、A sing
22、le flower does not make a spring. 一花独放不是春，百花齐放春满园。 18、A years plan starts with spring. 一年之计在于春。 19、A young idler, an old beggar. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。 20、Better late than never. 不怕慢，单怕站。 21、By reading we enrich the mind.读书使人充实，22、Care and diligence bring luck. 谨慎和勤奋才能抓住机遇。 23、Confidence in yourself is the fi
23、rst step on the road to success. 自信是走向成功的第一步。 24、Custom is a second nature. 习惯是后天养成的。 25、Custom makes all things easy. 有个好习惯，事事皆不难。 26、Doing is better than saying. 与其挂在嘴上，不如落实在行动上。 27、Do nothing by halves. 凡事不可半途而废。 28、Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 今日事，今日毕。 29、Dont trouble tr
24、ouble until trouble troubles you. 不要自找麻烦。 30、Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起身体好。 31、Easier said than done. 说得容易，做得难。32、Easy come, easy go. 来也匆匆，去也匆匆。 33、Eat to live, but not live to eat. 人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。 34、Every man has his faults. 金无足赤，人无完人。 35、Every m
25、an is the architect of his own fortune. 自己的命运自己掌握。 36、Every minute counts. 分秒必争。37、Each coin has two sides. 38、Fact speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。 39、Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母。 40、God helps those who help themselves. 自助者天助。41、Health is better than wealth. 健康胜过财富。 42、Honesty is the
26、best policy. 做人诚信为本。 43、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst. 抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。 44、It is never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。 45、Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量46、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女。 47、No pain， no gain.（不劳无获。）48、You never know till you have tried. 不尝试，不知晓。49、An idle youth, a needy age.
27、少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。50、Diligence is the mother of success.勤奋是成功之母。51、Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起，使人健康、富裕和聪颖。52、Experience is the best teacher.经验是最好的教师。53、Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事，只怕有心人。54、Where theres a will, theres a wa
28、y. 有志者事竟成。55、Practice makes perfect （熟能生巧。）56、Pride goes before a fall（骄傲必败。）Superstar and IIts common that many students are crazy about those singers and actors. However, liyundi, a pianist, is the superstar in my heart. He is a man of few words and he even looks like the greatest pianistChopin. W
29、hen listening to his music , I can get rid of everything noisy around. Whats more, I can feel his strong love for music. Rome wasnt built in one day. He achieved the great success through huge effort. I can learn from him that we should never give up to realize our dreams.Superstar and IHer name fir
30、st appeared as a joke then like a wonder. She is Susan Boyle, the superstar in my heart. Although shes not beautiful, her voice and spirit moved all the audience, including me. The song I dreamed a dream that she sang touched everyones heart who had a dream and wanted to realize it. She taught me how to go on my dreams as well as never to give up. She is like a sunshine that gives me hope. Where there is a will, there is a way.旅游英语试题答案及评分标准 第12页（共12页）
