1、Unit 5 Travelling abroad Period 3Grammar & Writing 课件（人教新课标选修7，课标通用）,定语从句(二)定语从句的分类 定语从句根据其与先行词的密切程度可分为限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句。,一、,1限制性定语从句 限制性定语从句与先行词关系密切，从句是整个句子不可缺少的部分，从句与主句之间不用逗号隔开。如果去掉它，句子的意思就不完整或不明确。译成汉语时，一般先译定语从句，再译先行词。 I dont like people who always think of themselves. 我不喜欢那些总是为他们自己着想的人。,2非限制性定语从句
2、非限定性定语从句起补充说明作用，缺少也不会影响全句的理解，在非限定性定语从句的前面往往有逗号隔开，如将非限定性定语从句放在句子中间，前后都需要用逗号隔开。 The sun, which rises in the east, gives us heat and light. 太阳从东方升起，带给我们光和热。,(1)引导非限定性定语从句的关系代词：,(2)关系代词as和which 两者均可引导非限制性定语从句，有时可以互换，但下列情况多用as。 关系代词引导的定语从句居句首时。 在such.as.，the same.as.，as.as.，as many/much as.等结构中，as不能用whic
3、h代替。 当从句和主句语义一致时，用as，反之用which。 as在从句中作主语时，后面常接行为动词的被动语态，如be known，be said，be reported等，如从句中行为动词是主动语态，一般要用which作主语。,He was late again, as / which we had expected. As we had expected, he was late again. 正如我们所料，他又迟到了。/他又迟到了这是我们早就料到的。The young man cheated his friend of much money, which was disgraceful.
4、 那年轻人诈骗了他朋友许多钱财，这是不光彩的。(不用as)I live in the same building as he (does)我和他住在同一座大楼里。He knows as many people as are present at the meeting.他认识所有到会的人。,(3)应注意的问题大多数关系代词和关系副词均可引导限制性和非限制性定语从句，但that 一般不用来引导非限制性定语从句。误： Fang passed her exam，that surprised me a great deal. 正： Fang passed her exam, which surpris
5、ed me a great deal.,使用非限制性定语从句时，先行词指人，关系代词主格用who，宾格用whom，作定语用whose；先行词表时间或地点且在从句中作时间状语或地点状语时，可用when，where来引导。 Last Sunday I reached Shantou, where I met Chai. 上星期我到达汕头，在那里碰到了钗。 Linmeimei died in the night, when she was lonely. 林妹妹死于晚上，那时她是孤寂的。,关系代词的省略情况，不同关系代词在限制性定语从句作宾语时可以省略去，而非限制性定语从句中，所有的关系词均不可省略
6、。 This is the pen(which/that)I bought yesterday. 这是我昨天买的笔。 The pen, which I bought yesterday，has been given to my friend. 我昨天买的笔，现已送给我的朋友了。,二、特殊的先行词1one of the 复数名词”后面定语从句中谓语单复数情况 这一结构后面的定语从句的谓语动词通常用复数形式，即与定语从句前面的复数名词在数上保持一致。 如果one of 复数名词这一结构前面带有the only，the very之类的限定语，后面定语从句的谓语动词则要用单数形式，这是因为定语从句在意
7、义上修饰的是the.one而不是那个复数名词。如：,He is the only one of the teachers who knows French in our school.(修饰the only one)He is one of the teachers who know French in our school.(修饰the teachers) This is the only one of the rooms that is free now. (修饰the only one) This is one of the rooms that are free now. (修饰roo
8、ms),2先行词是the way时，其后的定语从句的关系词 当way作先行词并在定语从句中作状语时，关系词用that或in which或省略。 I like the way in which / (that) the teacher gives his lessons.我喜欢这位老师的授课方式。 当way作先行词并在定语从句中作主语、宾语时，用that或which。作宾语时可将关系词省略。 The way which/ that/不填 he told us was practical. 他告诉我们的这个方法很实用。,3当先行词为case，condition，situation，position
9、，point，stage等名词，表示情况、方面、处境时，如果关系词在从句中作状语，用关系副词where。但先行词是occasion时，用关系副词when。 I have reached a point in my life where I am supposed to make decisions of my own. 我已经到了应该自己作决定的那个人生阶段。 I can remember very few occasions when he had to cancel because of ill health. 我记得他因健康不佳而被迫取消的情况绝无仅有。,三、定语从句和同位语从句的区别1
10、意义 同位语从句是用于说明所修饰名词的具体内容的，它与被修饰词语通常可以划等号；而定语从句是限制所修饰名词的，它的作用是将所修饰的名词与其他类似的东西区别开来。 We are glad at the news that he will come. 听到他要来这个消息我们很高兴。(news的内容就是that he will come，故that引导的是同位语从句),We are glad at the news that he told us. 听到他告诉我们的这个消息我们很高兴。(that从句是限制the news的内容的，即我们高兴只是因为他告诉的这个news而不是其他的news，故that
11、从句为定语从句)2引导词 what, how, if, whatever 等可引导名词性从句，但不引导定语从句。 that引导同位语从句时，不充当句子成分，而引导定语从句时，它作为关系代词，要么充当定语从句的主语，要么充当定语从句的宾语。如上例 that he told us中的that就充当told的宾语。,3被修饰词语 同位语从句所修饰的名词比较有限，通常有hope, wish, idea, news, fact, promise, opinion, suggestion, truth等，而定语从句所修饰的名词则非常广泛。另外，when和where 引导定语从句时，通常只修饰表示时间和地点
12、的名词，而它们引导同位语从句时却不一定；又如why引导定语从句，它通常只修饰名词the reason，而它引导同位语从句时不一定。 I have no idea when they will come. 我不知道他们什么时候来。(同位语从句),Ill never forget the days when I lived there.我永远不会忘记我住在那儿的日子。(定语从句)We dont understand the problem why this is the best choice.我们不明白这个问题，为什么这是最好的选择。(同位语从句)The reason why he didnt
13、come to the meeting is that he is ill.他未能来开会，原因是他生病了。(定语从句),【感悟高考】1A lot of language learning，_has been discovered，is happening in the first year of life，so parents should talk much to their children during that period.(2012安徽，29)AasBitCwhichDthis解析句意：正如人们所发现的那样，许多语言学习是在生命的第一年进行的，所以在那个时期父母应该多跟孩子说话。考
14、查非限制性定语从句中关系代词的选用。根据句子结构可知，空格处为非限制性定语从句的引导词，先行词为整个主句(即：A lot of language learning is happening.)，先行词在定语从句中作主语。故答案为A项，as意为：正如。答案A,2I made a promise to myself_this year，my first year in high school，would be different.(2012浙江，4)AwhetherBwhatCthatDhow解析句意：我向自己保证：今年我高中的那一年将会是不同寻常的一年。此题考查名词性从句。分析句意可知空格处引导
15、的是同位语从句，解释说明promise的内容，并且此从句结构和意义完整，故用that引导。答案C,根据句子意思，在空白处填入适当的关系词Such points _ youve mentioned are really important in solving the problem.We have reached a stage _we have almost no rights.He seems not to have grasped what I meant, _ greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, _is called eva
16、poration. The boys _are playing football are from Class One.,who,as,where,which,which,【单项填空】Its helpful to put children in a situation _they can see themselves differently.Athat Bwhen Cwhich Dwhere解析考查定语从句。句意：把孩子放在一个能使他们从另外一个角度认识自己的环境中对他们有益。当先行词是case, condition, situation, position, point, stage等名词表
17、示“情况， 方面， 处境”时， 关系副词用where。答案D,An Iraqi reporter during a news conference threw his shoes at Bush and called him a dog in Arabic，_shocked the world.Awho BwhereCwhom Dwhich解析考查定语从句。句意：在一次新闻发布会上，一位伊拉克记者向布什扔鞋子，且把他叫作狗，这件事震惊了全世界。答案D,Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _sight m
18、atters more than hearing. Awhen Bwhose Cwhich Dwhere解析考查对定语从句的掌握和运用能力。句意：那些失聪的成功舞蹈演员们认为，舞蹈是一种让人看胜过让人听的活动。据句子结构判断，空白处缺一引导定语从句的关联词，由于先行词activity在从句中担任地点状语故应该选择关系副词where。答案D,There is much chance _Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.Athat Bwhich Cuntil Dif解析that引导同位语从句， 在从句中无意义， 也不作句子
19、成分；which引导定语从句应作句子成分， 引导名词性从句表示 “哪一个”；用until意义不通， 用if应为if Bill recovers from.答案A,He isnt such a man_he used to be.AWho Bwhom Cthat Das解析such. as是固定用法，as引导定语从句时，可以作主语，宾语或表语。在本题中，as作表语。答案D,应用文(三)演讲稿【写作任务】用英语写一篇演讲稿。【写作内容】假设你是李华，中国某中学高中学生，今年暑假将前往澳大利亚参加主题为“WATER FOR LIFE”的交流活动。请你以参访代表的身份，根据以下图片提示，用英语写一篇发
20、言稿。,Ladies and gentlemen， Good morning, Im Li Hua from China, Its my great honor to be here to say something about the global water shortage and ways of dealing with it._ Thats all. Thank you.,【写作要求】1根据图片的内容适当展开，以使行文连贯；2开头与结尾已写好，不计入总词数；3文中不能出现考生的具体信息；4词数：120左右参考词汇：短缺shortage；资源resource,【写作分析】第一步：认真审
21、题 一审体裁：本次写作要求写一篇演讲稿，属于应用文写作范畴。演讲稿要求语言要具有感染力，具有鼓动性。演讲让对方接受的主要方式或途径是让对方能听懂，并使听众对你所讲的观点产生同感，所以采用的语言要尽量简洁有力，避免使用晦涩难懂的单词或句子，否则就会影响演讲的效果。,二审结构： 演讲稿一般由开头语、正文和结束语三部分组成。开头语一般来说比较简单，其目的就是要吸引听众或读者的注意力，常见的表达方式有“Your attention please./Attention, please. /May I have your attention, please? /It is my honor to spea
22、k here.”等 。正文是演讲稿的主体，主要是提供论点和相关的论据等，论点要明确，论据要充分、有力。结束语是演讲稿是否成功的关键，常起到画龙点睛的作用。三审时态：文章的时态以现在时态为主。,第二步：提炼要点1as we know2due to3its high time.4turn. into .5by law6Last but not least7make good use of8be aware of,第三步：扩点成句1As we know, the global water shortage is becoming increasingly severe mainly due to g
23、lobal warming.2Its high time we did something about it.3We must stop water pollution by law.4Last but not least, its everyones responsibility to make good use of water.5People around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage.,【参考范文】Ladies and gentlemen， Good morning. Im Li Hu
24、a from China. Its my great honor to be here to say something about the global water shortage and ways of dealing with it. As we know, the global water shortage is becoming increasingly severe mainly due to global warming, environmental pollution and the everincreasing population. Therefore, its high
25、 time we did something about it.,Firstly, an effective way, I think, is to reserve water in a scientific way for future use. Secondly, new methods need to be developed to use the existing water resources, for example, turning sea water into fresh water. Thirdly, we must stop water pollution by law.
26、Last but not least, its everyones responsibility to make good use of water, such as recycling and saving water in our daily life. In conclusion, people around the world should be aware of the real situation of water shortage, protect the present water resources and explore potential ones scientifica
27、lly.Thats all. Thank you.,【亮点展示】本文第二段简单介绍水资源短缺的现状后提出倡议；第三段具体陈述了解决问题的措施；最后一段总结发言。文章结构清晰，内容详略得当，重点突出。 语言上连贯而流畅，as we know，due to，分词结构turning sea water into. such as，常用句式its everyones responsibility.等的使用使文章词汇、句型丰富；firstly, secondly, thirdly, last but not least, besides等连接词的使用增强了文章的层次感，文意连贯。,【写作模板】演讲稿常用
28、句式： 开头：I appreciate. 我感谢Thank you for. 感谢您It is/was my honor. 我很荣幸On behalf of. 代表Id be happy to.我很高兴,正文：The topic of my speech today is.今天我演讲的主题是What I am going to talk about today is. 今天我想讲的是How can we.? 我们怎样才能？So long as.只要Working together. 一起努力结尾：We sincerely hope.我们衷心希望I look forward to. 我期待Best wishes for. 对致以良好的祝愿,
