1、及物动词的过去分词具有被动意义，不及物动词的过去分词表示已经发生过的事情，具有主动意义。可以作表语的过去分词较多，如：amused，annoyed，astonished，attracted，bored，broken，closed，,Unit 3 Inventors and inventions Period 3Grammar & Writing 课件（人教版选修8，重庆专用）,过去分词（一）,一、 意义,二、 用法1 用作表语,completed，connected，covered，crowded，decided，delighted，disappointed，discouraged，dress
2、ed，drunk，encouraged，embarrassed，excited，experienced，fascinated，finished，frightened，gone，injured，interested，inspired，known，lined，lost，married，moved，pleased，puzzled，satisfied，seated，shocked，shut，stationed，surprised，surrounded，tired，upset，worried等。He was amazed and enchanted at the sight. 看到这情景他感到惊异着迷。
3、She was annoyed at your saying that. 你这样讲她很不高兴。,We were so bored that we couldnt help yawning. 我们烦得要命禁不住打哈欠。They were very pleased with the girl. 他们很喜欢这姑娘。I am afraid Im slightly drunk. 可能我有一点醉了。The couple were devoted to each other. 这对夫妻十分恩爱。这种结构和被动语态是有差别的，“be表语”结构表示一种状态，而被动语态表示一个动作，比较下面句子：be表语结构(表
4、示状态)被动语态(表示动作),The shop is closed now.Its usually closed at 8 oclock.The town is surrounded by hills.Soon they were surrounded by bandits.The room is deserted.She has been deserted by her husband.【温馨提示】 有些带ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词：As an artist, she is quite gifted. 作为画家，她很有天赋。I am awfully worrie
5、d. Daddy is ill.我很着急，我爸爸病了。,(1) 有很多过去分词可用作定语，特别是表示情绪的词：She had a worried look on her face. 她满面愁容。Martins confused sorrows turned to optimism. 马丁烦乱的悲哀情绪转而变成了乐观情绪。(2)过去分词作定语，带有被动或完成意义：printed matter印刷品a written report 书面报告guided missile导弹 the risen sun初升的太阳returned students 归国留学生,2用作定语,fallen leaves 落
6、叶(3)当单个的过去分词作定语时，一般用于名词前，如果是过去分词短语作定语，则放在名词后。过去分词做定语相当于一个被动语态的定语从句。We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。The play put on by the teachers was a big success. 老师们表演的戏很成功。Those selected as committee members will attend the meeting. 当选为委员的人将出席这次会。Whats the language spoke
7、n in that country?,那个国家讲的是什么语言？(4)作定语的过去分词常指已经完成的动作，若要表示现在正在进行的动作，要用过去分词的进行形式，也就是现在分词的被动形式：We must keep a secret of the things being discussed here. 我们必须对在此讨论的问题保密。What do you think of the summit meeting being held in Vienna? 你对正在维也纳召开的峰会有什么看法？I knew nothing about the experiment being conducted ther
8、e. 我对在那里进行的试验一无所知。(5)某些不及物动词的过去分词，单独不可以作前置定语，但可以与某些副词构成复合形容词作前置定语。,wellbehaved children表现好的孩子a widelytravelled businessman游历广泛的商人newlyarrived visitors刚来的参观者(6)有些带ed结尾的词，并不是过去分词，而是由名词变化而来的形容词：skilled workers 熟练工人salaried class 工薪阶层She wanted the work finished by Friday. 她要求这工作星期五前完成。Have you ever hea
9、rd a song sung in Japanese?你听过用日语唱的歌吗？,3用作宾语补足语,Well get her Xrayed.我们要给她透视。(1)可引导复合宾语的动词常用的有：find，get，have，want，leave，make，see，hear，notice，watch，observe，feel，keep，order，wish等。这些词后面的宾语如果与后面的宾语补足语是被动关系，即用过去分词。He watched the bed carried out of the door. 他看着床被搬出去。We all wished the problem settled. 我们都希
10、望这问题得到解决。She didnt want her daughter taken out after dark. 她不希望天黑后女儿被带出门。,(2)介词with 后有时也可以跟这类复合宾语：He sat with his arms clasped round his knees.他双手抱膝坐着。All afternoon he worked with the door locked.整个下午他都锁着门在家工作。That year ended with nothing settled.那一年什么事也没解决就结束了。,【感悟高考】1.After completing and signing
11、it,please return the form to us in the envelope . （2012山东，35） A.providing B.provided C.having provided D.provide 解析 句意：在填完表格并署名以后，请把它放在被提供的 信封里返还到我们这里。本题考查非谓语动词作定语。设空 处的非谓语动词和envelope是被动关系，且作后置定语，故 选B。 答案 B,2.Before driving into the city,you are required to get your car . （2012四川，12） A.Washed B.wash
12、 C.washing D.to wash 解析 句意：开车进入市区之前，你必须把汽车洗一洗。 本题考查非谓语动词作宾语补足语。car与wash之间为被 动关系，故用过去分词作宾语补足语，构成“get sth done”的结构，表示“使某物被”。 答案 A,Even the best writers sometimes find themselves_for words.(2011浙江，14)Alose BlostCto lose Dhaving lost解析考查非谓语动词。句意：即便是最优秀的作家有时也会难以找到合适的词汇表达。“find oneself done”表示“感到自己被”，由于空格
13、处和themselves有逻辑上的动宾关系，所以选用过去分词作宾语补足语。故选B。答案B,3.,用所给动词的适当形式填空He ran out and left his food_(untouch)The teacher ordered the work_ _ _(do)I felt my shoulder_(touch) by somebody.The boy pretended to be_(work) hard.The bridge，_ (build)in 1950，broke down yesterday.答案untouchedto be donetouchedworkingbuilt,
14、colleagues_with her stories.Aamused BamusingCto amuse Dto be amused解析过去分词作宾语补足语。 与它所修饰的her colleagues存在被动关系。答案A,【单项填空】Lucy has a great sense of humor and always keeps her,_abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.Asticking BstuckCto be stuck Dto have stuck解析非谓语动词与它的逻辑主语thousands of holidaymakers之间存在被动关系
15、，且该动作已经完成(被阻止)。答案B, In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained,library.Adiscovered Bto be discoveredCdiscovering Dhaving discovered解析该空在句中作后置定语修饰the money，根据the money与discover的被动关系，排除C、D两项。B项表示的是“将要被发现”的意思，句意：到目前为止还没有人来认领在图书馆里发现的钱。选A项。答案A,So far nobody has claimed the money_in the,circles.Ato rec
16、ognize BrecognizingCrecognize Drecognized解析考查非谓语动词用法。宾语work和recognize 之间存在被动关系，所以用过去分词作宾语补足语。have宾语done让被。句意：亚历山大试图让他的工作在医学圈内得到认可。答案D,Alexander tried to get his work_in the medical,forced to practice the piano.Ato question Bto be questionedCquestioned Dquestioning解析question与students存在被动关系，question表示
17、的动作也已完成，故用过去分词。答案C,A great number of students_said they were,【写作任务】写一封信。【写作内容】假如你叫李平，是一位成绩优秀的学生，你班班主任在安排座位时，让成绩好的学生和成绩差的学生作同桌，这在你们班成绩优秀的学生中引起了反响，团活课上大家就此进行了讨论。现在请你根据下列内容把讨论结果向班主任写一封信反映一下，并说出自己的观点。,应用文(三),书 信,赞同： 1人人有长处和不足，成绩差的学生也有可取之处；2相互学习，建立友谊；3通过帮助学习差的学生的学习从而使他们建立自信。反对： 1部分学习差的学生常常违反校规校纪，担心自己会受影响
18、，养成坏习惯；2. 老是问问题，使自己不能专心学习。 你的观点？,【写作要求】 1词数：100120，短文的开头和结尾已为你写好，不计入总词数；2短文需包括表中所有要点，内容可适当发挥，以使行文连贯；3参考词汇：成绩差的学生：a slower student。【写作分析】 第一步：认真审题 一审体裁：本次写作要求写一封书信，属于应用文写作范畴。书信(Letter)一般可分为事务信件或公函(Business Letter or Offical Correspondence)以及私人信件(Private Letter)两大类。,二审格式：1信头(Heading)：指发信人的地址和日期。写在信纸的右
19、上角，可以从靠近信纸的中央写起。信头上面要留空白。先写发信人地址。地址的写法与汉语不同，要先写小地方，后写大地方。在地址的下面写上日期。日期的顺序是：月、日、年，或者：日、月、年。例如：May 17，2013。在年份之前有一个逗号。 2称呼(Salutation)：指对收信人的称呼。写在信头之下，从信纸的左边开始。写信给熟悉的人，一般用Dear.或My dear.作称呼。如：Dear Li Lei，Dear Miss Thomas或My dear Dad。,3正文(Body of the letter)：指信的主体部分。位置在下面称呼语隔一行，是信的核心部分。因此要求正文层次分明、简单易懂。正
20、文中一般不用Hello！(你好！)正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些，通常以五个字母为宜，每段第二行从左面顶格写起，这就是缩进式。但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式，用齐头式，即每一行都从左面顶格写起。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。4结束语(Complimentary close)：指正文下面的结尾客套话。一般从信纸的中央靠右写起，第一个字母大写，末尾用一逗号。在非正式的社交信中，常用Yours或Sincerely。假如对方是亲密的朋友，可用Sincerely yours/Yours等。,5签名(signature)：指发信人签名。写在结束语的下面，稍偏右。 另外
21、，英文信封写法与汉语的不同。一般把收信人的地址写在信封的中央或偏右下角。第一行写姓名，下面写地址。发信人的姓名和地址写在信封的左上角，也可以写在信的背面。 6附言(Postscript)：一封信写完了，突然又想起遗漏的事情，这时用P.S.表示，再写上遗漏的话即可，要长话短说。通常在信末签名下面几行的左方，应于正文齐头。 注意：在正式的信函中，应避免使用附言。 7附件(Enclosure)：信件如果有附件，可在信纸的左下角，注上Encl：或Enc:,例如：Encl：2 photos(内附两张照片)。如果附件不止一项，应写成Encl：或Encs。 我们有时可看到在称呼与正文之间有Re：或Subje
22、ct：(事由)字样。一般在信纸的中间，也可与“称呼”对齐。还应在底下加横线，以引起读信人的注意，使收信人便于在读信之前就可了解信中的主要内容。事由一般在公务信函中使用，也可以省略。三审结构：本次书信可分成三段，第一段提出“班主任在安排座位时，让成绩好的学生和成绩差的学生作同桌”这一问题；第二段论述支持方的观点；第三段论述反对方的观点；,第四段说明作者自身观点。第二步：提炼要点 1held a discussion about2a top student3as they know4as well as 5gain selfconfidence 6hold the same view7lead t
23、o8forming the bad habits,第三步：扩点成句1We have held a discussion about whether it is good or not for a top student to share a desk with a slower student.2As they know, everyone has strengths as well as weaknesses.3Top students can help slower ones gain selfconfidence by helping them with their lessons.4H
24、owever, others dont hold the same view. 5These may lead to them forming the bad habits.,【参考范文】Dear Mr.Zhang， We have held a discussion about whether it is good or not for a top student to share a desk with a slower student. Some are for the idea.As they know, everyone has strengths as well as weakne
25、sses. Although they are not good at lessons, they might do well in other fields like sports or arts. Therefore, they can learn from each other, and they may develop a friendship. In addition, top students can help slower ones gain selfconfidence by helping them with their lessons, which benefits the
26、m all. However, others dont hold the same view. They think,some slower students are always making trouble, such as keeping talking in class, breaking school rules, which may lead to them forming the bad habits. Besides, slower students often ask top students questions, which has a bad effect on thei
27、r studies. In my opinion, Id like to choose to share a desk with a slower student so that we can learn from each other and make progress together. Yours， Li Ping,【亮点展示】本文要点齐全，语句通顺，语言流畅，语意连贯。文章综合运用多种句式，如宾语从句“We have held a discussion about whether it is good or not for a top student to share a desk w
28、ith a slower student.”的使用，非限制性定语从句“As they know, everyone has strengths as well as weaknesses.”和“They think some slower students are always making trouble, such as keeping talking in class, breaking school rules, which may lead to them forming the bad habits.”及高级词汇如therefore，in addition，however，besi
29、des等的运用也使得文章提升了一个档次。,【写作模板】一、开头段1告知对方你的身份(假如对方不认识你)Dear Sir/Mr.King，I was a student at your college, enrolled in Philosophy Department.I am a.at your.I am a.at your college, enrolled in the.course.My name is., I am.2问候收信人(假如他/她是你的朋友)Dear King，Hello.,Hi. How are you? I hope everything is fine.How are
30、 things going with you?How are you getting on in.?3. 解释写信的原因(1)致谢Thank you for your letter about studying in Canada.I am writing to you to express my heartfelt gratitude.I am writing to tell you how grateful I am for.I would like to thank you most sincerely for.,(2) 抱怨I am writing to complain about
31、the poor service at your diningroom.I am writing to express my dissatisfaction with/at.I wish to make a complaint about.I am writing to draw your attention to.I am afraid I have got a complaint about.(3) 致歉I would be grateful if you would be so kind as to .I am writing to you because I am unable to.
32、I am terribly sorry that.I would like to express my apologies for not being able to.,(4)询问I would like to obtain/request/seek/inquire about some information about.I am writing to ask if you can do me a favor.I would like some detailed information on/about.二、结尾段1发出请求 Please give this matter your imme
33、diate attention.I would very much appreciate it if.as soon as possible.Please give me some valuable advice.2提供帮助I hope these.will be helpful.,Please feel free to contact me for more information.If you should need any assistance, she/he will be pleased to help you.3再次表示歉意或感激Thank you for your kind as
34、sistance.Please accept my heartfelt thanks and deepest gratitude, now and always.I am sorry that I cannot.，and trust that you will understand.In addition, let me apologize for any inconvenience I may have caused.Once again, I am sorry for any inconvenience caused.,4.期盼回信I look forward to your respon
35、se.Looking forward to a reply.I expect to hear from you very soon.I hope to receive your reply shortly.I am already eagerly awaiting your reply to this first letter.,一、连接词根据其本身的意思和文章连接所需要的逻辑意义可分为几类：1表示开场to begin with, in the first place，in general，generally speaking2表示总结to summarize，to sum up，to con
36、clude，in conclusion，finally3表示举例a case in point，a good illustration/example of.is.,写作常用词句积累 (三),4表示原因because，since，for，the cause of，the reason for，now that5表示结果as a result，as a consequence，consequently6表示比较both，like，likewise，similarly，in common，in the same way7表示对照on the contrary，on the other hand，d
37、espite，in spite of，however8表示列举first，firstly，in the first place，first of all，to begin with9表示强调especially，particularly，certainly，surely，chiefly，actually,10表示让步even though，although，in spite of，however，but，yet二、写作的启、承、转、合常用词语小结1有关“启”的常用词语(用来引导主题句或跟在主题句的后面，引导第一个扩展句) at first 首先 at present 现在；当今 current
38、ly 现在；最近 first 首先；第一 first of all 首先 f irstly 首先,to start with 首先；第一after 此后after a few days 几天之后after a while 过了一会儿also 并且at any rate 无论如何at the same time 同时(用在“转”时，作“可是”解)besides(this) 此外after all 毕竟all the same 虽然；但是,2有关“承”的常用词语(用来承接主题句或第一个扩展句),3有关“转”的常用词语(用来表示不同或相反的语气),anyway 无论如何at the same time 可是(表轻微转折)but 但是conversely 相反地despite 尽管，虽然above all 最重要accordingly 于是as a consequence 因此as a result 结果as has been noted 如前所述及,4有关“合”的常用词语(用来引导结尾句或最后一个扩展句， 表示段落的结束),
