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类型王佐良《欧洲文化入门》课后习题详解.pdf

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    1、目 录第 1 章 希 腊 罗 马 文 化第 2 章 圣 经 与 基 督 教第 3 章 中 世 纪 时 代第 4 章 文 艺 复 兴 和 宗 教 改 革第 5 章 第 1 7 世 纪第 6 章 启 蒙 运 动 时 期第 9 章 现 实 主 义第 1 0 章 现 代 主 义 和 其 他 趋 势第 1 章 希 腊 罗 马 文 化Greek Cu ltu reQu estio n s fo r Rev isio n :1 . Wh at are th e majo r elemen ts in Eu ro p ean cu ltu re?Key : Th ere are two main elemen

    2、 tsth e Greco -Ro man elemen t an d th eJu d eo -Ch ristian elemen t.2 . Wh at were th e main featu res o f an cien t Greek so ciety ?Key : In Greek so ciety , o n ly ad u lt male citizen h ad real p o wer an d th ecitizen sh ip was a set o f rig h ts wh ich a man in h erited fro m h is fath er. Th

    3、eeco n o my o f Ath en s rested o n an immen se amo u n t o f slav e lab o r. Slav eswo rk ed fo r th eir masters. Th e ex p lo itatio n was a serio u s so cial p ro b lem. Th eGreek s lo v ed sp o rts. Th ey o ften to o k p art in th e co n tests o f sp o rts inOly mp u s Mo u n t, th u s Oly mp ic

    4、 Games came in to b ein g .3 . Wh at d id Ho mer d o ? Wh y is h e imp o rtan t in th e h isto ry o f Eu ro p eanliteratu re?Key : He d ep icted th e g reat Greek men wh o liv ed in th e p erio d 1 2 0 0 -1 1 0 0 B.C. an d wars h ap p en in g at th at time. As an au th o r o f ep ics, h eemp lo y ed

    5、 fin e literary lan g u ag e to d escrib e wars an d men , ev en th o u g h th eywere d u ll. He sto o d in th e p eak o f Greek literatu re an d ex erted a g reatin flu en ce o n h is fo llo wers.4 . Wh o were th e o u tstan d in g d ramatists o f an cien t Greece? Wh at imp o rtan tp lay s d id ea

    6、ch o f th em write?Key : Aesch y lu s, So p h o cles an d Eu rip id es were th ree o u tstan d in g d ramatistso f an cien t Greece.Aesch y lu s: Pro meth eu s Bo u n d , Persian s, Ag amemn o n .So p h o cles: Oed ip u s th e Kin g , Electra, An tig o n e.Eu rip id es: An d ro mach e, Med ea, Tro j

    7、an Wo men .5 . Were th ere h isto rian s th en ? Wh o were th ey ? Wh at d id each o f th em writeab o u t?Key : Yes, th ere are. Th ey were Hero d o tu s an d Th u cy d id es. Hero d o tu s wro teab o u t th e wars b etween Greek s an d Persian s. Th u cy d id es wro te ab o u t th e warb etween At

    8、h en s an d Sp arta an d b etween Ath en s an d Sy racu se.6 . Wo u ld y o u say th at p h ilo so p h y was h ig h ly d ev elo p ed th en ? Wh o were th emajo r p h ilo so p h ers?Key : No , I wo u ld n t. Becau se th o se p h ilo so p h ical id eas were o n ly id ealism o rsimp le materialism o r m

    9、etap h y sics. So crates, Plato an d Aristo tle were th emajo r p h ilo so p h ers at th at time.7 . Did So crates write an y b o o k ? Ho w th en d o we k n o w ab o u t h im? Wh atd istin g u ish ed h is p h ilo so p h y ?Key : No , h e d id n t. We k n o w So crates ch iefly th ro u g h wh at Pla

    10、to reco rd edo f h im in th e famo u s Dialo g u es written b y Plato . He co n sid ered th atp h ilo so p h y rested with th e d issect o f o n eself an d v irtu e was h ig h wo rth o flife. His meth o d o f arg u men t, b y q u estio n s an d an swers, was k n o wn as th ed ialectical meth o d .8

    11、. Tell so me o f Plato s id eas. Wh y d o p eo p le call h im an id ealist?Key : (1 ) Men h av e k n o wled g e b ecau se o f th e ex isten ce o f certain g en eral“id eas”, lik e b eau ty , tru th , an d g o o d n ess.(2 ) We sh o u ld n o t lo o k at th e th in g s wh ich are n o t seen : fo r th

    12、e th in g s wh ichare n o t seen etern al. Becau se h e emp h asized th e imp o rtan ce o f “id eas” an db eliev ed th at “th o u g h t” h ad created th e wo rld , p eo p le call h im an id ealist.9 . In wh at imp o rtan t way s was Aristo tle d ifferen t fro m Plato ? Wh at are so meo f Aristo tles

    13、 wo rk s th at are still in flu en tial to d ay ?Key : (1 ) Aristo tle emp h asized d irect o b serv atio n o f n atu re an d in sisted th atth eo ry sh o u ld fo llo w fact. Th is is d ifferen t fro m Plato s relian ce o n su b jectiv eth in k in g .(2 ) He th o u g h t th at “id ea” an d matter to

    14、 g eth er mad e co n crete in d iv id u alrealities in wh ich h e d iffered fro m Plato wh o h eld th at id eas h ad h ig h erreality th an th e p o litical wo rld . His sig n ifican t wo rk s in clu d es: Eth ics,Po litics an d Rh eto ric.1 0 . Wh o were so me o f th e o th er p h ilo so p h ers ac

    15、tiv e in th at p erio d ? Do es th ewo rd “Ep icu rean ” in its mo d ern sen se co n v ey th e tru e mean in g o f th ep h ilo so p h y o f th e an cien t Ep icu rean s? Wh at were th eir v iews o n p leasu re?Key : (1 ) Th ey were Heracleitu e, Demo critu s, Dio g en es, Py rrh o n , Ep icu ru san

    16、d Zen o .(2 ) No , it d o esn t. Th e an cien t Ep icu rean s b eliev ed p leasu re to b e th e h ig h estwo rth o f life, b u t b y p leasu re th ey mean t, n o t sen su al en jo y men t b u t th atattain ed b y th e p ractice o f v irtu e. Bu t th is id ea was misled b y mo d ern p eo p le,in th e

    17、ir sen se, th e wo rd “Ep icu rean ” h as co me to mean in d u lg en ce inlu x u rio u s liv in g .1 1 . Say so meth in g ab o u t Greek scu lp tu re, p o ttery an d arch itectu re. Wh at wasth e mo st famo u s Greek temp le? Is it still th ere?Key : (1 ) Alo n g with th e fo rmatio n o f Greek civ

    18、ilizatio n , Greek scu lp tu re,p o ttery an d arch itectu re g o t man y g reat ach iev emen ts. Greek s p u t in to wo rk so f art th e th in g s th ey ad mired an d wo rsh ip ed , th e scien tific ru les th eyd isco v ered . Greek art ev o lv ed fro m th e arch aic p erio d to th e classical p er

    19、io dwh ich mark ed its matu rity .(2 ) Th e mo st famo u s temp le was th e Acro p o lis at Ath en s.(3 ) Yes, it is still th ere.1 2 . Giv e so me ex amp les to sh o w th e en o rmo u s in flu en ce o f Greek cu ltu re o nEn g lish literatu re.Key : (1 ) A Freu d ian term “Oed ip u s Co mp lex ” o

    20、f 1 9 th cen tu ry o rig in atin gfro m a Greek trag ed y in wh ich k in g Oed ip u s u n k n o win g ly k illed h is fath eran d married h is mo th er.(2 ) In th e early p art o f th e 1 9 th cen tu ry , in En g lan d alo n e, th ree y o u n gRo man tic p o ets ex p ressed th eir ad miratio n o f G

    21、reek cu ltu re in wo rk s wh ichh av e th emselv es b eco me classics: By ro n s Isle o f Greece, Sh elley s Hellasan d Pro meth eu s Un b o u n d an d Keatss Od e o n a Grecian Urn .(3 ) In th e 2 0 th cen tu ry , th ere are Ho meric p arallels in th e Irish man JamesJo y ces mo d ern ist masterp i

    22、ece Uly sses.Ro man Cu ltu re1 . Wh at d id th e Ro man s h av e in co mmo n with th e Greek s? An d wh at was th ech ief d ifferen ce b etween th em?Key : (1 ) Th e Ro man s h ad a lo t in co mmo n with th e Greek s. Bo th p eo p les h adtrad itio n s ro o ted in th e id ea o f th e citizen -assemb

    23、 ly , h o stile to mo n arch y an dto serv ility . Th eir relig io n s were alik e en o u g h fo r mo st o f th eir d eities to b eread ily id en tified Greek Zeu s with Ro man Ju p iter, Greek Ap h ro d ite withRo man Ven u s, an d so o n an d th eir my th s to b e fu sed . Th eir lan g u ag eswo r

    24、k ed in similar way s an d were u ltimately related , b o th b ein g memb ers o fth e In d o -Eu ro p ean lan g u ag e family wh ich stretch es fro m Ban g lad esh toIcelan d .(2 ) Th ere was o n e b ig d ifferen ce. Th e Ro man s b u ilt u p a v ast emp ire. Th eGreek s d id n t, ex cep ted fo r th

    25、 e b rief mo men t o f Alex an d ers co n q u ests,wh ich so o n d isin teg rated .2 . Ex p lain Pax Ro man a.Key : In th e y ear 2 7 B.C., Octav iu s to o k su p reme p o wer as emp ero r with th etitle o f Au g u stu s. Two cen tu ries later, th e Ro man Emp ire reach ed its g reatestex ten t in t

    26、h e No rth an d East. Th e emp ero rs main ly relied o n a stro n g army th e famo u s Ro man Leg io n s an d an in flu en tial b u reau cracy to ex ert th eir ru les.Th u s th e Ro man s en jo y ed a lo n g p erio d o f p eace lastin g 2 0 0 y ears. Th isremark ab le p h en o men o n in th e h isto

    27、 ry is k n o wn as Pax Ro man a.3 . Wh at co n trib u tio n d id th e Ro man s mak e to th e ru le o f law?Key : In Ro man s earliest stag e, o n ly a n u mb er o f p atrician s k n ew th ecu sto mary leg al p ro ced u re wh en th e ru les were p u t in to writin g in th e mid d leo f th e th ird ce

    28、n tu ry B.C. It mark ed a v icto ry fo r th e p leb eian s. Th ere wasfu rth er d ev elo p men t o f law u n d er th e emp ero rs u n til it was co d ified ,ev en tu ally to b eco me th e co re o f mo d ern civ il an d co mmercial law in man yWestern co u n tries.4 . Wh o were th e imp o rtan t p ro

    29、 se writers in an cien t Ro me? Wh at d o es“Cicero n ian ” mean ? Did Cicero write th at k in d o f rh eto rical p ro se all th etime?Key : (1 ) Marcu s Tu lliu s Cicero an d Ju liu s Caesar were two imp o rtan t p ro sewriters.(2 ) Cicero n ian mean s Cicero s elo q u en t o rato rical man n er o

    30、f writin g , wh ichh as h ad an en o rmo u s in flu en ce o n th e d ev elo p men t o f Eu ro p ean p ro se.(3 ) No , h e d id n t. Becau se Cicero ap p ears as a d ifferen t man with a d ifferen tsty le, far less rh eto rical, b u t co llo q u ial an d in timate.5 . Giv e an ex amp le o f th e ters

    31、e sty le o f Ju liu s Caesars p ro se.Key : An ex amp le: I came, I saw, I co n q u ered (mo d els o f su ccin ct Latin ).6 . Wh o was Lu cretiu s? Wh at d id h e d o ?Key : (1 ) Lu cretiu s was a p o et o f an cien t Ro me.(2 ) He wro te th e p h ilo so p h ical p o em On th e Natu re o f Th in g t

    32、o ex p o u n d th eid eas o f Ep icu ru s th e Greek ato mist.7 . Wh at is th e b o o k fo r wh ich Virg il h as b een famo u s th ro u g h o u t th ecen tu ries? In wh at way s in th e b o o k lin k ed with th e Greek p ast?Key : (1 ) Th e b o o k was Aen eid .(2 ) Th e sto ry was ab o u t Aen eas,

    33、 o n e o f th e p rin ces o f Tro y , wh o escap edfro m th at b u rn in g city wh en it fell to th e Greek s, to carry o n th e Tro jan cau sein a n ew p lace, Ro me. He d id n t g o alo n e, b u t carry in g h is fath er o n h issh o u ld ers an d lead in g h is little so n b y th e h an d , a fam

    34、ily g ro u p o f th reeg en eratio n s mo v ed to g eth er. Th u s in th is way th e b o o k is lin k ed with th eGreek p ast.8 . Wh y d o we say Aen eas is a tru ly trag ic h ero ?Key : Becau se Aen eas h ad to b etray th e g reat p assio n o f h is life, h is lo v e fo rDid o , q u een o f Carth a

    35、g e, so th at h e co u ld fu lfill h is h isto ric missio n .9 . Wh at is th e ch ief Ro man ach iev emen t in arch itectu re? Giv e so meex amp les.Key : (1 ) Th e Ro man s were g reat en g in eers. Th ey co v ered th eir wo rld fro mo n e en d to th e o th er with ro ad s, b rid g es, aq u ed u ct

    36、s, th eatres an d aren as.(2 ) So me ex amp les:A. Th e Pan th eo n : th e g reatest th e b est p reserv ed Ro man temp le b u ilt in 2 7B.C.B. Po n t d u Gard : it is an ex cep tio n ally well-p reserv ed aq u ed u ct th at sp an s awid e v alley in so u th ern Fran ce.1 0 . Wh y are th e wall-p ai

    37、n tin g s o f th e an cien t Ro man s still sig n ifican t to u sto d ay ?Key : Ro man p ain tin g was stro n g ly in flu en ced b y th e art o f Greece. An d italso h ad p ecu liarities o f its o wn . Un fo rtu n ately mu ch o f th e p ain tin g n olo n g er ex ists. Th ere are, h o wev er, so me w

    38、all-p ain tin g s fro m Po mp eii an do th er to wn s n ear Nap les. Th ese wall-p ain tin g s in clu d e still liv es, lan d scap ep ain tin g s an d fig u re p ain tin g s. Amo n g th em were Lad y Mu sician an d Yo u n gGirl, th e Maid en Gath erin g Flo wers an d th e Lan d scap e.更多各类考试资料 v:344

    39、647 公众号:顺通考试资料 第 2 章 圣 经 与 基 督 教Qu estio n s fo r Rev isio n :1 . Wh at was th e Heb rews majo r co n trib u tio n to wo rld civ ilizatio n ?Key : Th e h isto ry o f th e Heb rews was h an d ed d o wn o rally fro m o n eg en eratio n to an o th er in th e fo rm o f fo lk tales an d sto ries, wh ich

    40、werereco rd ed later in th e Old Testamen t, wh ich still later b ecame th e first p art o fth e Ch ristian Bib le. Th u s th e Heb rews mad e o n e o f th e g reatest co n trib u tio n sto th e wo rld civ ilizatio n .2 . Wh y d o we say Ju d aism an d Ch ristian ity are clo sely related ?Key : Ju d

    41、 aism an d Ch ristian ity are clo sely related :(1 ) It was th e Jewish trad itio n wh ich g av e b irth to Ch ristian ity ;(2 ) Bo th o rig in ated in Palestin eth e h u b o f mig ratio n an d trad e ro u te, wh ichled to ex ch an g e id eas o v er wid e.3 . Wh en d id th e g reat ex o d u s tak e

    42、p lace?Key : Aro u n d 1 3 0 0 B.C., Mo ses, th e famo u s Heb rew lead er, wen t to see th ep h arao h o f Eg y p t, tellin g h im th at Yah weh wan ted th e p h arao h to en dHeb rew slav ery an d let th e Heb rew leav e Eg y p t. With th is b eg an th e Ex o d u s,wh ich lasted fo rty y ears.4 .

    43、Wh o was Mo ses? Wh at d id h e d o fo r th e Heb rews?Key : Mo ses was a famo u s Heb rew lead er. Aro u n d 1 3 0 0 B.C., Mo ses led th eHeb rews to leav e Eg y p t fo r th e Pro mised Lan d . Th is was called th e Ex o d u swh ich lasted fo rty y ears. Wh en th e wan d erin g Heb rews left th e d

    44、 esert an den tered th e mo u n tain o u s Sin ai, Mo ses climb ed to th e to p o f th e mo u n tain toreceiv e fo rm g o d messag e, wh ich came to b e k n o wn as th e TenCo mman d men ts. He d ied sh o rtly b efo re th e Heb rews arriv ed at th eirh o melan d .5 . Wh at are th e Ten Co mman d men

    45、 ts ab o u t?Key : Th e Ten Co mman d men t are a set o f ru les Mo ses co mman d s all Israel too b ey in th e n ame o f Go d :(1 ) Yah weh is th e o n ly Go d all Israel sh o u ld wo rsh ip ;(2 ) Do n o t carv e an d serv e an y id o l to wo rsh ip ;(3 ) Do n o t tak e th e n ame o f Go d in v ain

    46、 ;(4 ) Keep th e Sab b ath d ay an d lab o r in th e o th er six d ay s;(5 ) Ho n o r an d resp ect o n es p aren ts;(6 ) Do n o t k ill;(7 ) Do n o t co mmit ad u ltery ;(8 ) Do n o t steal;(9 ) Do n o t b ear false witn ess ag ain st p eo p le;(1 0 ) Do n o t d esire o n es n eig h b o rs wife, n

    47、o r h is h o u se, n o r h is field , n o r h isserv an ts, n o r h is liv esto ck , n o r an y th in g else.6 . Wh at writin g s mak e u p th e New Testamen t?Key : Th e New Testamen t co n sists o f 1 4 b o o k s. Th e fo u r acco u n ts wh ichwere b eliev ed to h av e b een written b y Matth ew,

    48、Mark , Lu k e, an d Jo h n , fo u ro f Jesu s early fo llo wers, are th e first p art o f th e New Testamen t an d tell o fth e b irth , teach in g , d eath an d Resu rrectio n o f Jesu s. Th en co me: th e Acts o fth e Ap o stles, a h isto ry o f th e early Ch ristian mo v emen t: th e Ep istles, o

    49、 rletters to th e ch u rch g ro u p s aro u n d th e Med iterran ean ; an d lastly th e b o o k o fRev elatio n , a v isio n ary acco u n t o f th e fin al triu mp h o f Go d s p u rp o se.7 . Ho w d id th e relatio n s b etween Ch ristian s an d th e Ro man g o v ern men tch an g e?Key : Th e early

    50、 Ch ristian was su b ject to p ersecu tio n s b y th e Ro mang o v ern men t. Jesu s Ch rist was cru cified b y th e Ro man g o v ern men t. AfterJesu s d ied , h is d iscip lin es St. Peter an d St. Pau l su ffered marty rd o m u n d er th eRo man Emp ero r Nero ab o u t 6 5 A.D. Nero ev en b u rn

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